BRST5:Tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity - Revision history

Bailey.Glen at 17:52, 3 July 2025

2025-07-03T17:52:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 3 July 2025
Line 26:		Line 26:
	\|}		\|}

	~~==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==~~
	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	\|+
	\|WHO Essential Criteria (Genetics)*
	\|
	\|-
	\|WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)*
	~~\|''IDH2'' mutation~~
	\|-
	~~\|Other Classification~~
	\|
	\|}
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
	==Related Terminology==		==Related Terminology==

Bailey.Glen at 22:13, 25 May 2025

2025-05-25T22:13:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:13, 25 May 2025
Line 75:		Line 75:
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|-		\|-
	!Chr #!!~~'''~~Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH~~'''~~!!~~'''~~Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]~~'''~~!!~~'''~~Relevant Gene(s)~~'''~~		!Chr #!!Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH!!Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]!!Relevant Gene(s)
	!~~'''~~Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T~~'''~~		!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
	!~~'''~~Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)~~'''~~		!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
	!~~'''~~Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes~~'''~~		!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
Line 96:		Line 96:
	!Chromosomal Pattern		!Chromosomal Pattern
	!Molecular Pathogenesis		!Molecular Pathogenesis
	!~~'''~~Prevalence -~~'''~~		!Prevalence -
	~~'''~~Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)~~'''~~		Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
	!~~'''~~Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T~~'''~~		!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
	!~~'''~~Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)~~'''~~		!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
	!~~'''~~Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes~~'''~~		!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
Line 116:		Line 116:
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|-		\|-
	!Gene!!~~'''~~Genetic Alteration~~'''~~!!~~'''~~Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other~~'''~~!!~~'''~~Prevalence -~~'''~~		!Gene!!Genetic Alteration!!Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other!!Prevalence -
	~~'''~~Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)~~'''~~		Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
	!~~'''~~Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T ~~'''~~		!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
	!~~'''~~Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)~~'''~~		!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
	!~~'''~~Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes~~'''~~		!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\|''IDH2''		\|''IDH2''

Bailey.Glen at 20:35, 25 May 2025

2025-05-25T20:35:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 25 May 2025
Line 40:		Line 40:
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].		<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
	==Related Terminology==		==Related Terminology==

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	\|Acceptable		\|Acceptable
	\|		\|N/A
	\|-		\|-
	\|Not Recommended		\|Not Recommended
	\|		\|Solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity; breast tumour resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; solid papillary carcinoma resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
	\|}		\|}

Kgeiersbach: added gene diagram

2025-04-16T16:38:09Z

added gene diagram

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 16 April 2025
Line 2:		Line 2:

	[[BRST5:Table_of_Contents\|Breast Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]		[[BRST5:Table_of_Contents\|Breast Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]

	~~{{Under Construction}}~~

	<span style="color:#0070C0">(''General Instructions – The focus of these pages is the clinically significant genetic alterations in each disease type. This is based on up-to-date knowledge from multiple resources such as PubMed and the WHO classification books. The CCGA is meant to be a supplemental resource to the WHO classification books; the CCGA captures in a continually updated wiki-stye manner the current genetics/genomics knowledge of each disease, which evolves more rapidly than books can be revised and published. If the same disease is described in multiple WHO classification books, the genetics-related information for that disease will be consolidated into a single main page that has this template (other pages would only contain a link to this main page). Use [https://www.genenames.org/ <u>HUGO-approved gene names and symbols</u>] (italicized when appropriate), [https://varnomen.hgvs.org/ <u>HGVS-based nomenclature for variants</u>], as well as generic names of drugs and testing platforms or assays if applicable. Please complete tables whenever possible and do not delete them (add N/A if not applicable in the table and delete the examples); to add (or move) a row or column in a table, click nearby within the table and select the > symbol that appears. Please do not delete or alter the section headings. The use of bullet points alongside short blocks of text rather than only large paragraphs is encouraged. Additional instructions below in italicized blue text should not be included in the final page content. Please also see'' </span><u>''[[Author_Instructions]]''</u><span style="color:#0070C0"> ''and [[Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\|<u>FAQs</u>]] as well as contact your [[Leadership\|<u>Associate Editor</u>]] or [mailto:CCGA@cancergenomics.org <u>Technical Support</u>].)''</span>
	==Primary Author(s)*==		==Primary Author(s)*==
	H. Evin Gulbahce, MD, MSCI, University of Utah, UT, USA <span style="color:#0070C0"> </span>		H. Evin Gulbahce, MD, MSCI, University of Utah, UT, USA <span style="color:#0070C0"> </span>
Line 31:		Line 27:

	==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==		==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==


	<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the diagnostic criteria from the WHO book <u>autocompleted</u>; remove any <u>non</u>-genetics related criteria. If applicable, add text about other classification'' ''systems that define this entity and specify how the genetics-related criteria differ.'')</span>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
Line 40:		Line 33:
	\|-		\|-
	\|WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)*		\|WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)*
	\|		\|''IDH2'' mutation
	\|-		\|-
	\|Other Classification		\|Other Classification
Line 47:		Line 40:
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].		<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
	==Related Terminology==		==Related Terminology==


	~~<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the related terminology from the WHO <u>autocompleted</u>.)''</span>~~
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
Line 121:		Line 111:

	==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==		==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==
			[[File:IDH2 with protein domain and hotspots.png\|left\|thumb\|769x769px\|Diagram of the ''IDH2'' gene (NM_002168) showing the mutational hotspot R172 within the isocitrate dehydrogenase functional domain. Missense mutations at codon 172 result in a substitution for arginine (R) with a different amino acid. Image prepared with the aid of ProteinPaint {26711108} and BioRender software <nowiki>[https://BioRender.com, accessed on 11/4/2025]</nowiki>.]]
	<br />		<br />
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 146:		Line 137:
	\|Co-mutated with ''IDH2''; hotspots include H1047R, E542K, E545K<ref name=":0" />		\|Co-mutated with ''IDH2''; hotspots include H1047R, E542K, E545K<ref name=":0" />
	\|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.		\|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.


	==Epigenomic Alterations==		==Epigenomic Alterations==

Bailey.Glen: Repeat columns removed

2025-03-27T13:40:55Z

Repeat columns removed

Show changes

Bailey.Glen at 18:10, 24 March 2025

2025-03-24T18:10:23Z

Show changes

Kgeiersbach: /* Primary Author(s)* */

2025-01-09T04:40:51Z

Primary Author(s)*

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:40, 8 January 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<br />		<br />
	==Primary Author(s)*==		==Primary Author(s)*==
	H. Evin Gulbahce, MD, MSCI, University of Utah, UT <span style="color:#0070C0"> </span>		H. Evin Gulbahce, MD, MSCI, University of Utah, UT, USA <span style="color:#0070C0"> </span>
	==WHO Classification of Disease==		==WHO Classification of Disease==
	<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: This table’s content from the WHO book will be <u>autocompleted</u>.'')</span>		<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: This table’s content from the WHO book will be <u>autocompleted</u>.'')</span>

Kgeiersbach at 22:16, 8 January 2025

2025-01-08T22:16:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 8 January 2025
Line 152:		Line 152:
	<br />		<br />
	==Links==		==Links==
	<nowiki>https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantspcrp.html</nowiki>		<nowiki>https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantspcrp.html</nowiki>
	~~==References==~~
	(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</~~span~~>		<br />
	==Notes==		==Notes==
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page. If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the [[Leadership\|''<u>Associate Editor</u>'']] or other CCGA representative. When pages have a major update, the new author will be acknowledged at the beginning of the page, and those who contributed previously will be acknowledged below as a prior author.		<nowiki>*</nowiki>Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page. If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the [[Leadership\|''<u>Associate Editor</u>'']] or other CCGA representative. When pages have a major update, the new author will be acknowledged at the beginning of the page, and those who contributed previously will be acknowledged below as a prior author.

	Prior Author(s):		Prior Author(s):

			<br />
			==References==
			(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span>
	<references />		<references />

Kgeiersbach at 21:57, 8 January 2025

2025-01-08T21:57:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:57, 8 January 2025
Line 119:		Line 119:
	\|D		\|D
	\|Yes (WHO)		\|Yes (WHO)
	\|Majority are R172S, R172T; others include R172G, R172W, R172I<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Alsadoun\|first=Nadjla\|last2=MacGrogan\|first2=Gaëtan\|last3=Truntzer\|first3=Caroline\|last4=Lacroix-Triki\|first4=Magali\|last5=Bedgedjian\|first5=Isabelle\|last6=Koeb\|first6=Marie-Hélène\|last7=El Alam\|first7=Elsy\|last8=Medioni\|first8=Dan\|last9=Parent\|first9=Michel\|date=2018-09\|title=Solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity of the breast harbors specific morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular profile in comparison with other benign or malignant papillary lesions of the breast: a comparative study of 9 additional cases\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785016\|journal=Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc\|volume=31\|issue=9\|pages=1367–1380\|doi=10.1038/s41379-018-0047-1\|issn=1530-0285\|pmid=29785016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Chiang\|first=Sarah\|last2=Weigelt\|first2=Britta\|last3=Wen\|first3=Huei-Chi\|last4=Pareja\|first4=Fresia\|last5=Raghavendra\|first5=Ashwini\|last6=Martelotto\|first6=Luciano G.\|last7=Burke\|first7=Kathleen A.\|last8=Basili\|first8=Thais\|last9=Li\|first9=Anqi\|date=2016-12-15\|title=IDH2 Mutations Define a Unique Subtype of Breast Cancer with Altered Nuclear Polarity\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913435\|journal=Cancer Research\|volume=76\|issue=24\|pages=7118–7129\|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0298\|issn=1538-7445\|pmc=5502804\|pmid=27913435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lozada\|first=John R.\|last2=Basili\|first2=Thais\|last3=Pareja\|first3=Fresia\|last4=Alemar\|first4=Barbara\|last5=Paula\|first5=Arnaud Da Cruz\|last6=Gularte-Merida\|first6=Rodrigo\|last7=Giri\|first7=Dilip D.\|last8=Querzoli\|first8=Patricia\|last9=Cserni\|first9=Gabor\|date=2018-08\|title=Solid papillary breast carcinomas resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid neoplasms (solid papillary carcinomas with reverse polarity) harbour recurrent mutations affecting IDH2 and PIK3CA: a validation cohort\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29603332\|journal=Histopathology\|volume=73\|issue=2\|pages=339–344\|doi=10.1111/his.13522\|issn=1365-2559\|pmc=6783257\|pmid=29603332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Zhong\|first=Elaine\|last2=Scognamiglio\|first2=Theresa\|last3=D'Alfonso\|first3=Timothy\|last4=Song\|first4=Wei\|last5=Tran\|first5=Hung\|last6=Baek\|first6=Inji\|last7=Hoda\|first7=Syed A.\|date=2019-04\|title=Breast Tumor Resembling the Tall Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Molecular Characterization by Next-Generation Sequencing and Histopathological Comparison With Tall Cell Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30227763\|journal=International Journal of Surgical Pathology\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=134–141\|doi=10.1177/1066896918800779\|issn=1940-2465\|pmid=30227763}}</ref>		\|Majority are R172S, R172T; others include R172G, R172W, R172I<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Alsadoun\|first=Nadjla\|last2=MacGrogan\|first2=Gaëtan\|last3=Truntzer\|first3=Caroline\|last4=Lacroix-Triki\|first4=Magali\|last5=Bedgedjian\|first5=Isabelle\|last6=Koeb\|first6=Marie-Hélène\|last7=El Alam\|first7=Elsy\|last8=Medioni\|first8=Dan\|last9=Parent\|first9=Michel\|date=2018-09\|title=Solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity of the breast harbors specific morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular profile in comparison with other benign or malignant papillary lesions of the breast: a comparative study of 9 additional cases\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785016\|journal=Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc\|volume=31\|issue=9\|pages=1367–1380\|doi=10.1038/s41379-018-0047-1\|issn=1530-0285\|pmid=29785016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Chiang\|first=Sarah\|last2=Weigelt\|first2=Britta\|last3=Wen\|first3=Huei-Chi\|last4=Pareja\|first4=Fresia\|last5=Raghavendra\|first5=Ashwini\|last6=Martelotto\|first6=Luciano G.\|last7=Burke\|first7=Kathleen A.\|last8=Basili\|first8=Thais\|last9=Li\|first9=Anqi\|date=2016-12-15\|title=IDH2 Mutations Define a Unique Subtype of Breast Cancer with Altered Nuclear Polarity\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913435\|journal=Cancer Research\|volume=76\|issue=24\|pages=7118–7129\|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0298\|issn=1538-7445\|pmc=5502804\|pmid=27913435}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Lozada\|first=John R.\|last2=Basili\|first2=Thais\|last3=Pareja\|first3=Fresia\|last4=Alemar\|first4=Barbara\|last5=Paula\|first5=Arnaud Da Cruz\|last6=Gularte-Merida\|first6=Rodrigo\|last7=Giri\|first7=Dilip D.\|last8=Querzoli\|first8=Patricia\|last9=Cserni\|first9=Gabor\|date=2018-08\|title=Solid papillary breast carcinomas resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid neoplasms (solid papillary carcinomas with reverse polarity) harbour recurrent mutations affecting IDH2 and PIK3CA: a validation cohort\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29603332\|journal=Histopathology\|volume=73\|issue=2\|pages=339–344\|doi=10.1111/his.13522\|issn=1365-2559\|pmc=6783257\|pmid=29603332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Zhong\|first=Elaine\|last2=Scognamiglio\|first2=Theresa\|last3=D'Alfonso\|first3=Timothy\|last4=Song\|first4=Wei\|last5=Tran\|first5=Hung\|last6=Baek\|first6=Inji\|last7=Hoda\|first7=Syed A.\|date=2019-04\|title=Breast Tumor Resembling the Tall Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Molecular Characterization by Next-Generation Sequencing and Histopathological Comparison With Tall Cell Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30227763\|journal=International Journal of Surgical Pathology\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=134–141\|doi=10.1177/1066896918800779\|issn=1940-2465\|pmid=30227763}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''PIK3CA''		\|''PIK3CA''
Line 127:		Line 127:
	\|T		\|T
	\|Yes (NCCN)		\|Yes (NCCN)
	\|Co-mutated with ''IDH2''; hotspots include H1047R, E542K, E545K<ref~~>{{Cite journal\|last~~=Lozada\|first=John R.\|last2=Basili\|first2=Thais\|last3=Pareja\|first3=Fresia\|last4=Alemar\|first4=Barbara\|last5=Paula\|first5=Arnaud Da Cruz\|last6=Gularte-Merida\|first6=Rodrigo\|last7=Giri\|first7=Dilip D.\|last8=Querzoli\|first8=Patricia\|last9=Cserni\|first9=Gabor\|date=2018-08\|title=Solid papillary breast carcinomas resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid neoplasms (solid papillary carcinomas with reverse polarity) harbour recurrent mutations affecting IDH2 and PIK3CA: a validation cohort\|url=https:/~~/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29603332\|journal=Histopathology\|volume=73\|issue=2\|pages=339–344\|doi=10.1111/his.13522\|issn=1365-2559\|pmc=6783257\|pmid=29603332}}</ref~~>		\|Co-mutated with ''IDH2''; hotspots include H1047R, E542K, E545K<ref name=":0" />
	\|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.		\|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
	==Epigenomic Alterations==		==Epigenomic Alterations==
Line 139:		Line 139:
	\|''IDH2''		\|''IDH2''
	\|Carbon metabolism; carboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle		\|Carbon metabolism; carboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle
	\|Increased conversion of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to the oncometabolite ''R''-2-hydroxylglutarate (''R''-2-HG). Increased levels of 2-HG result in hypermethylation of epigenetic targets and a subsequent block in cellular differentiation. Due to widespread hypermethylation, there is increased H3K27me3 nuclear immunoreactivity in tumors harboring ''IDH2'' R172 mutations.		\|Increased conversion of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to the oncometabolite ''R''-2-hydroxylglutarate (''R''-2-HG). Increased levels of 2-HG result in hypermethylation of epigenetic targets and a subsequent block in cellular differentiation. Due to widespread hypermethylation, there is increased H3K27me3 nuclear immunoreactivity in tumors harboring ''IDH2'' R172 mutations.
	\|-		\|-
	\|''PIK3CA''		\|''PIK3CA''
	\|PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway		\|PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
	\|Three most common PIK3CA mutations are H1047R, E542K, and E545K; PIK3CA mutations induce hyperactivation of the alpha isoform of the catalytic subunit (p110α) of class IA PI3K kinase. Mutations are often co-occurring with other drivers in ER-positive breast cancers and are associated with endocrine resistance. PIK3CA mutations are targetable with the PI3K inhibitor alpelisib in ER positive breast cancers; however, tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity is usually ER negative.		\|Three most common PIK3CA mutations are H1047R, E542K, and E545K; PIK3CA mutations induce hyperactivation of the alpha isoform of the catalytic subunit (p110α) of class IA PI3K kinase. Mutations are often co-occurring with other drivers in ER-positive breast cancers and are associated with endocrine resistance. PIK3CA mutations are targetable with the PI3K inhibitor alpelisib in ER positive breast cancers; however, tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity is usually ER negative.
	\|}		\|}
	==Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods==		==Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods==
Line 159:		Line 159:

	Prior Author(s):		Prior Author(s):
			<references />

Kgeiersbach at 21:56, 8 January 2025

2025-01-08T21:56:55Z

Show changes