Bailey.Glen: Created page with "{{Under Construction}} ==Primary Author(s)*== Xiaolin Hu, Ph.D; Teresa Smolarek, Ph.D, FACMG TOC ==Cancer Category/Type== Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) ==Cancer Sub-..."

2023-11-03T17:30:57Z

Created page with "{{Under Construction}} ==Primary Author(s)*== Xiaolin Hu, Ph.D; Teresa Smolarek, Ph.D, FACMG __TOC__ ==Cancer Category/Type== Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) ==Cancer Sub-..."

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{{Under Construction}}
==Primary Author(s)*==

Xiaolin Hu, Ph.D; Teresa Smolarek, Ph.D, FACMG

__TOC__

==Cancer Category/Type==

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

==Cancer Sub-Classification / Subtype==

Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Unclassifiable (MDS-U)

==Definition / Description of Disease==

This subtype of MDS contains cases that can not be classified to any known categories of MDS. In 2018 WHO classification <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Da|first=Arber|last2=A|first2=Orazi|last3=R|first3=Hasserjian|last4=J|first4=Thiele|last5=Mj|first5=Borowitz|last6=Mm|first6=Le Beau|last7=Cd|first7=Bloomfield|last8=M|first8=Cazzola|last9=Jw|first9=Vardiman|date=2016|title=The 2016 Revision to the World Health Organization Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27069254/|language=en|pmid=27069254}}</ref>, it specified several settings:

#Meet the criteria of any category of classifiable MDSs, but has 1% blasts detected at least two times in the peripheral blood.
#Meet the criteria of MDS with single lineage dysplasia, MDS with ring sideroblasts and single lineage dysplasia, and MDS with isolated del(5q), but has pancytopenia (cytopenias are defined as haemoglobin concentration < 10 g/dL, platelet count < 100 x 109/L, and absolute neutrophil count < 1.8 x 109 /L).
#Persistent cytopenia with < 2% blasts in the blood and <5% in the bone marrow, has [[Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)|MDS-defining abnormality]] [link to MDS cytogenetic table] but no significant dysplasia in any myeloid lineage.

However, these cases may be evolved into a specific subtype of MDS and hence need to be reclassified then.

==Synonyms / Terminology==

Myelodysplastic syndrome, NOS, preleukemia (obsolete); preleukaemic syndrome (obsolete)

==Epidemiology / Prevalence==

The incidence of MDS-U is unknown, but appears to account for a small portion of MDS cases. In a cohort of 2032 patients with MDS, the overall incidence of MDS-U was 6% <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=A|first=Maassen|last2=C|first2=Strupp|last3=A|first3=Giagounidis|last4=A|first4=Kuendgen|last5=K|first5=Nachtkamp|last6=B|first6=Hildebrandt|last7=N|first7=Gattermann|last8=C|first8=Aul|last9=R|first9=Haas|date=2013|title=Validation and Proposals for a Refinement of the WHO 2008 Classification of Myelodysplastic Syndromes Without Excess of Blasts|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122806/|language=en|pmid=23122806}}</ref>.

==Clinical Features==

The clinical symptoms are varied but generally fall into the spectrum of MDS symptoms.

==Sites of Involvement==

Peripheral blood and bone marrow.

==Morphologic Features==

No specific morphology has been described for this disease entity. This category is a diagnosis of exclusion when no other known categories of MDS can fit.

==Immunophenotype==

No specific immunophenotype has been described for this disease entity. However, immunophenotyping may provide supportive evidence to clarify the blasts nature and percentage.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Finding!!Marker
|-
|Positive (universal)||EXAMPLE CD1
|-
|Positive (subset)||EXAMPLE CD2
|-
|Negative (universal)||EXAMPLE CD3
|-
|Negative (subset)||EXAMPLE CD4
|}

==Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)==

Not applicable.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chromosomal Rearrangement!!Genes in Fusion (5’ or 3’ Segments)!!Pathogenic Derivative!!Prevalence
|-
|EXAMPLE t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)||EXAMPLE 3'ABL1 / 5'BCR||EXAMPLE der(22)||EXAMPLE 5%
|-
|EXAMPLE t(8;21)(q22;q22)||EXAMPLE 5'RUNX1 / 3'RUNXT1||EXAMPLE der(8)||EXAMPLE 5%
|}

==Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns==

No chromosomal abnormality is specific for this category. Common recurrent chromosomal aberrations in MDS include +8, -7, del(7q), -5, del(5q), del(20q), -Y, i(17q), t(17p), -13, del(13q), del(11q), del(12p) or t(12p), del(9q), idic(X)(q13), t(11;16)(q23;p13.3), t(3;21)(q26;q22.1), t(1;3)(p36.3;q21.2), t(2;11)(p21;q23), inv(3)(q21q26.2), t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2), t(6;9)(p23;q34). It is noted that +8, -Y, and del(20q), are not considered diagnostic of MDS if present as sole cytogenetic aberrations<ref name=":1" />.

==Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH==

Put your text here and/or fill in the table

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chromosome Number!!Gain/Loss/Amp/LOH!!Region
|-
|EXAMPLE 8||EXAMPLE Gain||EXAMPLE chr8:0-1000000
|-
|EXAMPLE 7||EXAMPLE Loss||EXAMPLE chr7:0-1000000
|}

==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==

No specific gene mutation in this category. Common gene mutations in MDS include ''SF3B1, TET2, ASXL1, SRSF2, DNMT3A, RUNX1, U2AF1, TP53, EZH2, ZRSR2, STAG2, IDH1/IDH2, CBL, NRAS, BCOR.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Gene!!Mutation!!Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor/Other!!Presumed Mechanism (LOF/GOF/Other; Driver/Passenger)!!Prevalence (COSMIC/TCGA/Other)
|-
|EXAMPLE TP53||EXAMPLE R273H||EXAMPLE Tumor Suppressor||EXAMPLE LOF||EXAMPLE 20%
|}

===Other Mutations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Type!!Gene/Region/Other
|-
|Concomitant Mutations||EXAMPLE IDH1 R123H
|-
|Secondary Mutations||EXAMPLE Trisomy 7
|-
|Mutually Exclusive||EXAMPLE EGFR Amplification
|}

==Epigenomics (Methylation)==

Genes involved in epigenetic regulation are frequently mutated in MDS such as TET2, DNMT3A, IDH1, IDH2, AXSL1, and EZH2 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=M|first=Heuser|last2=H|first2=Yun|last3=F|first3=Thol|date=2018|title=Epigenetics in Myelodysplastic Syndromes|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778402/|language=en|pmid=28778402}}</ref>. These genes play a role in DNA methylation and chromatin modification as well as regulating gene expression.

==Genes and Main Pathways Involved==

Put your text here

==Diagnostic Testing Methods==

*Bone marrow morphology and peripheral blood test are standard in diagnosis of MDS.
*FISH probes for MDS panel and conventional cytogenetics are also helpful in determining MDS defining cytogenetic abnormalities.

==Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications)==

Diagnosis

2018 WHO classification defined this disease category in three specific settings as described in Definition/Description of Disease.

Prognosis

The prognosis may change as MDS-U continue to evolve into other MDS subtypes. MDS-U with 1% circulating blasts showed poor prognosis in terms of shorter over all survival and increased risk to progress to AML. MDS-U with 1% circulating blasts has a median survival of 1.8 years and 14% of these patients may progress to AML in 5 years. Patients with MDS-U with pancytopenia had a median survival of 2.7 years and 18% of these patients may progress to AML in 5 years. The prognosis of MDS-U with MDS-defining cytogenetic abnormalities is unknown <ref name=":0" />.

==Familial Forms==

Put your text here

==Other Information==

Put your text here

==Links==

Put your links here (use link icon at top of page)

==References==
<references />
===EXAMPLE Book===

#Arber DA, et al., (2017). Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p129-171.

==Notes==
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page. If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the CCGA coordinators (contact information provided on the homepage). Additional global feedback or concerns are also welcome.

HAEM4Backup:Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), Unclassifiable - Revision history

Bailey.Glen: Created page with "{{Under Construction}} ==Primary Author(s)*== Xiaolin Hu, Ph.D; Teresa Smolarek, Ph.D, FACMG __TOC__ ==Cancer Category/Type== Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) ==Cancer Sub-..."

Bailey.Glen: Created page with "{{Under Construction}} ==Primary Author(s)*== Xiaolin Hu, Ph.D; Teresa Smolarek, Ph.D, FACMG TOC ==Cancer Category/Type== Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) ==Cancer Sub-..."