HAEM5:Acute erythroid leukaemia: Difference between revisions

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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Pure Erythroid Leukemia]].
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Pure Erythroid Leukemia]].


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Ashwini Yenamandra PhD FACMG
Ashwini Yenamandra PhD FACMG
__TOC__
==WHO Classification of Disease==
==WHO Classification of Disease==


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==Definition / Description of Disease==
==Related Terminology==
 
In the 2008 WHO classification, Acute Erythroid leukemia (AEL) was classified into two subtypes: Erythroleukemia (erythroid/myeloid) and Pure Erythroid Leukemia (PEL). However, in the 2016 WHO update, Erythroleukemia was merged into myelodysplastic syndrome, while PEL is now the only type of AEL<ref name=":0">Arber DA, et al., (2008). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p135-136.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Shaowei|last2=Jiang|first2=Erlie|last3=Wei|first3=Hui|last4=Lin|first4=Dong|last5=Zhang|first5=Guangji|last6=Wei|first6=Shuning|last7=Zhou|first7=Chunlin|last8=Liu|first8=Kaiqi|last9=Wang|first9=Ying|date=2017|title=An analysis of 97 previously diagnosed de novo adult acute erythroid leukemia patients following the 2016 revision to World Health Organization classification|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28793875|journal=BMC cancer|volume=17|issue=1|pages=534|doi=10.1186/s12885-017-3528-6|issn=1471-2407|pmc=5550989|pmid=28793875}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Zuo|first=Zhuang|last2=Polski|first2=Jacek M.|last3=Kasyan|first3=Armen|last4=Medeiros|first4=L. Jeffrey|date=2010|title=Acute erythroid leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807044|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|volume=134|issue=9|pages=1261–1270|doi=10.1043/2009-0350-RA.1|issn=1543-2165|pmid=20807044}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Arber|first=Daniel A.|last2=Orazi|first2=Attilio|last3=Hasserjian|first3=Robert|last4=Thiele|first4=Jürgen|last5=Borowitz|first5=Michael J.|last6=Le Beau|first6=Michelle M.|last7=Bloomfield|first7=Clara D.|last8=Cazzola|first8=Mario|last9=Vardiman|first9=James W.|date=2016|title=The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069254|journal=Blood|volume=127|issue=20|pages=2391–2405|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544|issn=1528-0020|pmid=27069254}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Zuo|first=Zhuang|last2=Medeiros|first2=L. Jeffrey|last3=Chen|first3=Zhao|last4=Liu|first4=Dingsheng|last5=Bueso-Ramos|first5=Carlos E.|last6=Luthra|first6=Rajyalakshmi|last7=Wang|first7=Sa A.|date=2012|title=Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with erythroid predominance exhibits clinical and molecular characteristics that differ from other types of AML|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844482|journal=PloS One|volume=7|issue=7|pages=e41485|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0041485|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3402404|pmid=22844482}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Grossmann|first=V.|last2=Bacher|first2=U.|last3=Haferlach|first3=C.|last4=Schnittger|first4=S.|last5=Pötzinger|first5=F.|last6=Weissmann|first6=S.|last7=Roller|first7=A.|last8=Eder|first8=C.|last9=Fasan|first9=A.|date=2013|title=Acute erythroid leukemia (AEL) can be separated into distinct prognostic subsets based on cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23648669|journal=Leukemia|volume=27|issue=9|pages=1940–1943|doi=10.1038/leu.2013.144|issn=1476-5551|pmid=23648669}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Porwit|first=Anna|last2=Vardiman|first2=James W.|date=2011|title=Acute myeloid leukemia with expanded erythropoiesis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880638|journal=Haematologica|volume=96|issue=9|pages=1241–1243|doi=10.3324/haematol.2011.050526|issn=1592-8721|pmc=3166090|pmid=21880638}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hasserjian|first=Robert P.|last2=Zuo|first2=Zhuang|last3=Garcia|first3=Christine|last4=Tang|first4=Guilin|last5=Kasyan|first5=Armen|last6=Luthra|first6=Rajyalakshmi|last7=Abruzzo|first7=Lynne V.|last8=Kantarjian|first8=Hagop M.|last9=Medeiros|first9=L. Jeffrey|date=2010|title=Acute erythroid leukemia: a reassessment using criteria refined in the 2008 WHO classification|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040759|journal=Blood|volume=115|issue=10|pages=1985–1992|doi=10.1182/blood-2009-09-243964|issn=1528-0020|pmc=2942006|pmid=20040759}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Sa A.|last2=Hasserjian|first2=Robert P.|date=2015|title=Acute Erythroleukemias, Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemias, and Reactive Mimics: A Guide to a Number of Perplexing Entities|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26071461|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=144|issue=1|pages=44–60|doi=10.1309/AJCPRKYAT6EZQHC7|issn=1943-7722|pmid=26071461}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wei|last2=Wang|first2=Sa A.|last3=Medeiros|first3=L. Jeffrey|last4=Khoury|first4=Joseph D.|date=2017|title=Pure erythroid leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28006859|journal=American Journal of Hematology|volume=92|issue=3|pages=292–296|doi=10.1002/ajh.24626|issn=1096-8652|pmid=28006859}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=A|first=Yenamandra|date=2016|title=Acute Erythroblastic Leukemia (AEL): A Rare Subset of De Novo AML with A Complex Rearrangement Involving ETV6 Locus and Loss of RB1 Locus|url=https://medcraveonline.com/ICPJL/acute-erythroblastic-leukemia-ael-a-rare-subset-of-de-novo-aml-with-a-complex-rearrangement-involving-etv6-locus-and-loss-of-rb1-locus.html|journal=International Clinical Pathology Journal|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.15406/icpjl.2016.02.00032}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Fs|first=Khan|date=2017|title=Pure Erythroid Leukemia: The Sole Acute Erythroid Leukemia|url=https://www.heighpubs.org/hbmr/ijbmr-aid1001.php|journal=International Journal of Bone Marrow Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=001–005|doi=10.29328/journal.ijbmr.1001001}}</ref>. PEL is a distinct entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system within the section of [[HAEM4:Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Not Otherwise Specified]].  PEL is a rare form of acute leukemia with an aggressive clinical course and is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of immature erythroid precursors (proerythroblastic or undifferentiated)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />.
 
==Synonyms / Terminology==
 
Also known as AML-M6b and Di Guglielmo syndrome due to the recognition of the work of Di Guglielmo<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />.
 
==Epidemiology / Prevalence==
 
PEL is extremely rare with a small number of reported cases, accounting for 3-5% of AML cases<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" />. Median survival is usually three months<ref name=":11" />.
 
==Clinical Features==
 
Put your text here and fill in the table <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instruction: Can include references in the table. Do not delete table.'') </span>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Signs and Symptoms'''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Asymptomatic (incidental finding on complete blood counts)
 
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> B-symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)
 
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Fatigue
 
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphadenopathy (uncommon)
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|'''Laboratory Findings'''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Cytopenias
 
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphocytosis (low level)
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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Features|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
 
PEL has an aggressive clinical course with neoplastic proliferation of immature erythroid precursor (proerythroblastic or undifferentiated) cells. Average survival rate is three months<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" />. PEL is characterized by neoplastic proliferation composed of >80% immature erythroid precursors of which proerythroblasts constitute ≥30%<ref name=":11" />. Clinical features include profound anemia, circulating erythroblasts, pancytopenia, extensive bone marrow involvement, fatigue, infections, weight loss, fever, night sweats, hemoglobin level under 10.0 g/dL, and thrombocytopenia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" />.
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==Sites of Involvement==
 
Bone marrow, Blood
 
==Morphologic Features==
 
PEL is characterized by medium to large erythroblasts with round nuclei, fine chromatin and one or more nucleoli (proerythroblast). Cytoplasm is deeply basophilic, often granular with demarcated vacuoles and are often Periodic-Acid-Schiff stain (PAS) positive. Blasts can be small and may resemble lymphoblasts<ref name=":0" />. Cells are usually negative for Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Sudan Black (SBB).  Bone marrow biopsy may have undifferentiated cells<ref name=":0" />.
 
==Immunophenotype==
 
Differentiated PEL may express Glycophorin and hemoglobin A, absence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and other myeloid markers<ref name=":0" />.  Blasts are negative for HLA-Dr and CD34 but positive for CD117<ref name=":0" />. Immature forms can be negative for Glycophorin or weekly expressed. Positive for Carbonic anhydrase 1, Gero antobody against the Gerbich blood group or CD36 especially at earlier stages of differentiation. CD41 and CD61 are negative<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11" />.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Finding!!Marker
|-
|Positive (universal)||Hemoglobin A, Glycophorin A, Spectrin, ABH blood group antigens, and HLA-DR
|-
|Positive (subset)||CD13, CD33, CD34, CD117 (KIT), and MPO, Gerbich blood group (Gero) antibody, carbonic anhydrase 1, and CD36, CD41 and CD61
|-
|Negative (universal)||Myeloid-associated markers such as MPO,CD13,CD33,CD61, B and T Cell markers -CD10, CD19, CD79a, CD2, CD3, CD5,  monocytic markers CD11c CD14
Megakaryoblastic markers: CD61, Others: CD34, anti-kappa, anti-lambda, CD45


|-
|Negative (subset)||HLA-DR, CD34, Glycophorin A
|}
==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==
<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the diagnostic criteria from the WHO book <u>autocompleted</u>; remove any <u>non</u>-genetics related criteria. If applicable, add text about other classification'' ''systems that define this entity and specify how the genetics-related criteria differ.'')</span>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|WHO Essential Criteria (Genetics)*
|
|-
|WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)*
|
|-
|Other Classification
|
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
==Related Terminology==
<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the related terminology from the WHO <u>autocompleted</u>.)''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
|Acceptable
|Acceptable
|
|Pure erythroid leukaemia
|-
|-
|Not Recommended
|Not Recommended
|
|Di Guglielmo disease; acute myeloid leukaemia, M6
|}
|}


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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
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The genetic abnormalities that have been identified in PEL are similar to that of AML and MDS and consists of complex chromosomal abnormalities including -5/del(5q), -7/del(7q), +8 and/or RUNX1 and TP53 mutations<ref name=":0" />. Rearrangement of NFIA-CBFA2T3 with t(1;16)(p31;q24) and MYND8-RELA with t(11;20)(p11;q11) have been reported in rare cases<ref name=":9" />. A complex karyotype with 46,XY,der(5)del(5)(p15.1p15.1)t(5;12;7)(p15.1;p13;q32),der(7)t(5;12;7),der(12)del(12)p13p13)t(5;12;7),del(13)(q12q14) was reported in a two year old boy with PEL<ref name=":10" />.  
The genetic abnormalities that have been identified in PEL are similar to that of AML and MDS and consists of complex chromosomal abnormalities including -5/del(5q), -7/del(7q), +8 and/or RUNX1 and TP53 mutations<ref name=":0">Arber DA, et al., (2008). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p135-136.</ref>. Rearrangement of NFIA-CBFA2T3 with t(1;16)(p31;q24) and MYND8-RELA with t(11;20)(p11;q11) have been reported in rare cases<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wei|last2=Wang|first2=Sa A.|last3=Medeiros|first3=L. Jeffrey|last4=Khoury|first4=Joseph D.|date=2017|title=Pure erythroid leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28006859|journal=American Journal of Hematology|volume=92|issue=3|pages=292–296|doi=10.1002/ajh.24626|issn=1096-8652|pmid=28006859}}</ref>. A complex karyotype with 46,XY,der(5)del(5)(p15.1p15.1)t(5;12;7)(p15.1;p13;q32),der(7)t(5;12;7),der(12)del(12)p13p13)t(5;12;7),del(13)(q12q14) was reported in a two year old boy with PEL<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=A|first=Yenamandra|date=2016|title=Acute Erythroblastic Leukemia (AEL): A Rare Subset of De Novo AML with A Complex Rearrangement Involving ETV6 Locus and Loss of RB1 Locus|url=https://medcraveonline.com/ICPJL/acute-erythroblastic-leukemia-ael-a-rare-subset-of-de-novo-aml-with-a-complex-rearrangement-involving-etv6-locus-and-loss-of-rb1-locus.html|journal=International Clinical Pathology Journal|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.15406/icpjl.2016.02.00032}}</ref>.  


[[File:pic-1.png|frame|center| Karyotype of two year old boy with PEL<ref name=":10" />.]]
[[File:pic-1.png|frame|center| Karyotype of two year old boy with PEL<ref name=":10" />.]]
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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in:
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in:
* Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
* Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
* Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
* Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
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* Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)}}</blockquote>
* Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)}}</blockquote>


PEL has rapid and aggressive clinical course. Patients with PEL are treated similar to other types of AML. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) may have an improvement in the outcome of the disease. No therapeutic agents for specific target pathways are currently available<ref name=":2" />.
PEL has rapid and aggressive clinical course. Patients with PEL are treated similar to other types of AML. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) may have an improvement in the outcome of the disease. No therapeutic agents for specific target pathways are currently available<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Zuo|first=Zhuang|last2=Polski|first2=Jacek M.|last3=Kasyan|first3=Armen|last4=Medeiros|first4=L. Jeffrey|date=2010|title=Acute erythroid leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807044|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|volume=134|issue=9|pages=1261–1270|doi=10.1043/2009-0350-RA.1|issn=1543-2165|pmid=20807044}}</ref>.


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{| class="wikitable sortable"
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!Chr #!!'''Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH'''!!'''Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]'''!!'''Relevant Gene(s)'''
!Chr #!!Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH!!Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]!!Relevant Gene(s)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T'''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
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Not Applicable
Not Applicable
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!Chromosomal Pattern
!Chromosomal Pattern
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!'''Prevalence -'''
!Prevalence -  
'''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T'''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Gene!!'''Genetic Alteration'''!!'''Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other'''!!'''Prevalence -'''
!Gene!!Genetic Alteration!!Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other!!Prevalence -
'''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T  '''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T  
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR''
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|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.


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JAK2, FLT3, RAS, NPM1, and CEBPA mutations have been reported to be rare in PEL<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />.  Intraclonal heterogeneity and founder mutations of TP53 were reported in 92% (11 out of 12 cases) while  co-occurrence of TP53 mutation and deletion due to chromosome 17p abnormalities were detected in 73% of PEL cases<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montalban-Bravo|first=Guillermo|last2=Benton|first2=Christopher B.|last3=Wang|first3=Sa A.|last4=Ravandi|first4=Farhad|last5=Kadia|first5=Tapan|last6=Cortes|first6=Jorge|last7=Daver|first7=Naval|last8=Takahashi|first8=Koichi|last9=DiNardo|first9=Courtney|date=2017|title=More than 1 TP53 abnormality is a dominant characteristic of pure erythroid leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28246192|journal=Blood|volume=129|issue=18|pages=2584–2587|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-11-749903|issn=1528-0020|pmc=5418636|pmid=28246192}}</ref>.
JAK2, FLT3, RAS, NPM1, and CEBPA mutations have been reported to be rare in PEL<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Fs|first=Khan|date=2017|title=Pure Erythroid Leukemia: The Sole Acute Erythroid Leukemia|url=https://www.heighpubs.org/hbmr/ijbmr-aid1001.php|journal=International Journal of Bone Marrow Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=001–005|doi=10.29328/journal.ijbmr.1001001}}</ref>.  Intraclonal heterogeneity and founder mutations of TP53 were reported in 92% (11 out of 12 cases) while  co-occurrence of TP53 mutation and deletion due to chromosome 17p abnormalities were detected in 73% of PEL cases<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montalban-Bravo|first=Guillermo|last2=Benton|first2=Christopher B.|last3=Wang|first3=Sa A.|last4=Ravandi|first4=Farhad|last5=Kadia|first5=Tapan|last6=Cortes|first6=Jorge|last7=Daver|first7=Naval|last8=Takahashi|first8=Koichi|last9=DiNardo|first9=Courtney|date=2017|title=More than 1 TP53 abnormality is a dominant characteristic of pure erythroid leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28246192|journal=Blood|volume=129|issue=18|pages=2584–2587|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-11-749903|issn=1528-0020|pmc=5418636|pmid=28246192}}</ref>.


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The molecular mechanism is not completely understood.
The molecular mechanism is not completely understood.
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(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references />
(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references />


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==Notes==
==Notes==
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Acute erythroid leukaemia”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_erythroid_leukaemia</nowiki>.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Acute erythroid leukaemia”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_erythroid_leukaemia</nowiki>.
[[Category:HAEM5]][[Category:DISEASE]][[Category:Diseases A]]
[[Category:HAEM5]]
[[Category:DISEASE]]
[[Category:Diseases A]]