Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations

HAEM5:Acute promyelocytic leukaemia with PML::RARA fusion: Difference between revisions

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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) with PML-RARA]].
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) with PML-RARA]].
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Yiming Zhong, Ph.D., Megan Piazza, Ph.D., and Shashi Shetty, Ph.D.
Yiming Zhong, Ph.D., Megan Piazza, Ph.D., and Shashi Shetty, Ph.D.
__TOC__
==WHO Classification of Disease==
==WHO Classification of Disease==


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==Definition / Description of Disease==
==Related Terminology==
 
This is a distinct entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, and associated French-American-British (FAB) classification is acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL, M3)<ref name=":0">Arber DA, et al., (2017). Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. Revised 4th Edition. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p134-136.</ref>.
 
==Synonyms / Terminology==
 
APL with t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.1)
 
AML with t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.1)


==Epidemiology / Prevalence==
Accounts for 5-8% of AML, may occur at any age, but predominantly in adult in mid-life<ref name=":0" />.
==Clinical Features==
Put your text here and fill in the table <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instruction: Can include references in the table. Do not delete table.'') </span>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Signs and Symptoms'''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Asymptomatic (incidental finding on complete blood counts)
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> B-symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Fatigue
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphadenopathy (uncommon)
|-
|'''Laboratory Findings'''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Cytopenias
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphocytosis (low level)
|}
<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Features|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
Typical (hypergranular) and microgranular (hypogranular) APL are frequently associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).  In contrast to typical APL, microgranular APL is associated with increased counts of leukocytes which have rapid doubling time<ref name=":0" />.
<blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
==Sites of Involvement==
Bone marrow
==Morphologic Features==
The abnormal promyelocytes of typical APL have irregular and variable nuclear size and shapes.  They are frequently kidney-shaped or bilobed.  The cytoplasm is characterized by large granules and stains bright pink, red or purple in Romanowsky staining.  In most cases, there are bundles of Auer rods (“faggot cells”) in the cytoplasm.  Myeloblasts with single Auer rods may also be present.  Auer rods in typical APL are usually larger than those in other types of AML.  Microgranular APL is characterized by apparent paucity or absence of granules and predominantly bilobed nuclear shape.  The myeloperoxidase (MPO) reaction for both typical and microgranular APL is positive<ref name=":0" />.
==Immunophenotype==
The immunophenotype has been well characterized<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dong|first=Henry Y.|last2=Kung|first2=Jia Xue|last3=Bhardwaj|first3=Vatsala|last4=McGill|first4=John|date=2011|title=Flow cytometry rapidly identifies all acute promyelocytic leukemias with high specificity independent of underlying cytogenetic abnormalities|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173127|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=135|issue=1|pages=76–84|doi=10.1309/AJCPW9TSLQNCZAVT|issn=1943-7722|pmid=21173127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorczyca|first=Wojciech|date=2012|title=Acute promyelocytic leukemia: four distinct patterns by flow cytometry immunophenotyping|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535601|journal=Polish Journal of Pathology: Official Journal of the Polish Society of Pathologists|volume=63|issue=1|pages=8–17|issn=1233-9687|pmid=22535601}}</ref>.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Finding!!Marker
|-
|Positive (universal)||CD13, CD33, CD117, myeloperoxidase (MPO)
|-
|Positive (subset)||CD2 (microgranular APL), CD34 (microgranular APL), CD56 (20% of APL, associated with a worse outcome)
|-
|Negative (universal)||HLA-DR, CD15, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18
|-
|Negative (subset)||CD2 (typical APL), CD34 (typical APL)
|}
==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==
<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the diagnostic criteria from the WHO book <u>autocompleted</u>; remove any <u>non</u>-genetics related criteria. If applicable, add text about other classification'' ''systems that define this entity and specify how the genetics-related criteria differ.'')</span>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|WHO Essential Criteria (Genetics)*
|
|-
|WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)*
|
|-
|Other Classification
|
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
==Related Terminology==
<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the related terminology from the WHO <u>autocompleted</u>.)''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
|Acceptable
|Acceptable
|
|Acute promyelocytic leukaemia with t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.2); acute promyelocytic leukaemia
|-
|-
|Not Recommended
|Not Recommended
|
|N/A
|}
|}


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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
This AML subtype is classified based on the presence of a PML-RARA fusion, which results from fusion of the 5’ portion of PML at 15q24.1 and the 3’ portion of RARA at 17q21.1<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Thé|first=H.|last2=Chomienne|first2=C.|last3=Lanotte|first3=M.|last4=Degos|first4=L.|last5=Dejean|first5=A.|date=1990|title=The t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia fuses the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene to a novel transcribed locus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2170850|journal=Nature|volume=347|issue=6293|pages=558–561|doi=10.1038/347558a0|issn=0028-0836|pmid=2170850}}</ref>. 5'PML-3'RARA transcript is expressed in all cases, and 5'RARA-3'PML transcript is found in 2/3 of cases<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warrell|first=R. P.|last2=de Thé|first2=H.|last3=Wang|first3=Z. Y.|last4=Degos|first4=L.|date=1993|title=Acute promyelocytic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8515790|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=329|issue=3|pages=177–189|doi=10.1056/NEJM199307153290307|issn=0028-4793|pmid=8515790}}</ref>. Rare cases of APL have cryptic t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.1) such as submicroscopic insertion of RARA into PML leading to the expression of the PML-RARA transcript or three way translocations involving chromosomes 15 and 17 with an additional chromosome<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Grimwade|first=D.|last2=Gorman|first2=P.|last3=Duprez|first3=E.|last4=Howe|first4=K.|last5=Langabeer|first5=S.|last6=Oliver|first6=F.|last7=Walker|first7=H.|last8=Culligan|first8=D.|last9=Waters|first9=J.|date=1997|title=Characterization of cryptic rearrangements and variant translocations in acute promyelocytic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9389704|journal=Blood|volume=90|issue=12|pages=4876–4885|issn=0006-4971|pmid=9389704}}</ref>.  Several variant translocations involving RARA have also been identified, including t(11;17) and t(5;17)<ref name=":1" />. The 4th edition revision to the World Health Organization renamed APL with t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.1) as APL with PML-RARA<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arber|first=Daniel A.|last2=Orazi|first2=Attilio|last3=Hasserjian|first3=Robert|last4=Thiele|first4=Jürgen|last5=Borowitz|first5=Michael J.|last6=Le Beau|first6=Michelle M.|last7=Bloomfield|first7=Clara D.|last8=Cazzola|first8=Mario|last9=Vardiman|first9=James W.|date=2016|title=The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069254|journal=Blood|volume=127|issue=20|pages=2391–2405|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544|issn=1528-0020|pmid=27069254}}</ref>.  
This AML subtype is classified based on the presence of a PML-RARA fusion, which results from fusion of the 5’ portion of PML at 15q24.1 and the 3’ portion of RARA at 17q21.1<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Thé|first=H.|last2=Chomienne|first2=C.|last3=Lanotte|first3=M.|last4=Degos|first4=L.|last5=Dejean|first5=A.|date=1990|title=The t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia fuses the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene to a novel transcribed locus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2170850|journal=Nature|volume=347|issue=6293|pages=558–561|doi=10.1038/347558a0|issn=0028-0836|pmid=2170850}}</ref>. 5'PML-3'RARA transcript is expressed in all cases, and 5'RARA-3'PML transcript is found in 2/3 of cases<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warrell|first=R. P.|last2=de Thé|first2=H.|last3=Wang|first3=Z. Y.|last4=Degos|first4=L.|date=1993|title=Acute promyelocytic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8515790|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=329|issue=3|pages=177–189|doi=10.1056/NEJM199307153290307|issn=0028-4793|pmid=8515790}}</ref>. Rare cases of APL have cryptic t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.1) such as submicroscopic insertion of RARA into PML leading to the expression of the PML-RARA transcript or three way translocations involving chromosomes 15 and 17 with an additional chromosome<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Grimwade|first=D.|last2=Gorman|first2=P.|last3=Duprez|first3=E.|last4=Howe|first4=K.|last5=Langabeer|first5=S.|last6=Oliver|first6=F.|last7=Walker|first7=H.|last8=Culligan|first8=D.|last9=Waters|first9=J.|date=1997|title=Characterization of cryptic rearrangements and variant translocations in acute promyelocytic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9389704|journal=Blood|volume=90|issue=12|pages=4876–4885|issn=0006-4971|pmid=9389704}}</ref>.  Several variant translocations involving RARA have also been identified, including t(11;17) and t(5;17)<ref name=":1" />. The 4th edition revision to the World Health Organization renamed APL with t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.1) as APL with PML-RARA<ref name=":0">Arber DA, et al., (2017). Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. Revised 4th Edition. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p134-136.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arber|first=Daniel A.|last2=Orazi|first2=Attilio|last3=Hasserjian|first3=Robert|last4=Thiele|first4=Jürgen|last5=Borowitz|first5=Michael J.|last6=Le Beau|first6=Michelle M.|last7=Bloomfield|first7=Clara D.|last8=Cazzola|first8=Mario|last9=Vardiman|first9=James W.|date=2016|title=The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069254|journal=Blood|volume=127|issue=20|pages=2391–2405|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544|issn=1528-0020|pmid=27069254}}</ref>.  


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in:
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in:
* Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
* Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
* Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
* Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Chr #!!'''Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH'''!!'''Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]'''!!'''Relevant Gene(s)'''
!Chr #!!Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH!!Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]!!Relevant Gene(s)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T'''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
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Not applicable
Not applicable
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!Chromosomal Pattern
!Chromosomal Pattern
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!'''Prevalence -'''
!Prevalence -  
'''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T'''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>


Not applicable
Not applicable
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Gene!!'''Genetic Alteration'''!!'''Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other'''!!'''Prevalence -'''
!Gene!!Genetic Alteration!!Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other!!Prevalence -
'''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T  '''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T  
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR''
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|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.


<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
There is not specific information on mutations related to this subtype of AML at this time.
There is not specific information on mutations related to this subtype of AML at this time.
===Other Mutations===
===Other Mutations===
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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Genes and Main Pathways Involved|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Genes and Main Pathways Involved|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>


The protein encoded by the PML (promyelocytic leukemia) gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family and it functions as a transcription factor and tumor suppressor.  PML is the core component of subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and it interacts with a large number of proteins including p53 and has been implicated in several cellular functions such as cellular senescence, apoptosis, and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearson|first=M.|last2=Carbone|first2=R.|last3=Sebastiani|first3=C.|last4=Cioce|first4=M.|last5=Fagioli|first5=M.|last6=Saito|first6=S.|last7=Higashimoto|first7=Y.|last8=Appella|first8=E.|last9=Minucci|first9=S.|date=2000|title=PML regulates p53 acetylation and premature senescence induced by oncogenic Ras|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910364|journal=Nature|volume=406|issue=6792|pages=207–210|doi=10.1038/35018127|issn=0028-0836|pmid=10910364}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernardi|first=Rosa|last2=Pandolfi|first2=Pier Paolo|date=2007|title=Structure, dynamics and functions of promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17928811|journal=Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology|volume=8|issue=12|pages=1006–1016|doi=10.1038/nrm2277|issn=1471-0080|pmid=17928811}}</ref>. The gene RARA (Retinoic acid receptor, alpha) encodes a nuclear retinoic acid receptor which regulates transcription in a ligand-dependent manner<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=A.|last2=Licht|first2=J. D.|date=1999|title=Deconstructing a disease: RARalpha, its fusion partners, and their roles in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233871|journal=Blood|volume=93|issue=10|pages=3167–3215|issn=0006-4971|pmid=10233871}}</ref>. The fusion of PML and RARA results in expression of a hybrid protein with altered functions. This fusion protein deregulates transcriptional control such as RAR targets and disrupts PML nuclear bodies<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Thé|first=Hugues|last2=Chen|first2=Zhu|date=2010|title=Acute promyelocytic leukaemia: novel insights into the mechanisms of cure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966922|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=10|issue=11|pages=775–783|doi=10.1038/nrc2943|issn=1474-1768|pmid=20966922}}</ref>.
The protein encoded by the PML (promyelocytic leukemia) gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family and it functions as a transcription factor and tumor suppressor.  PML is the core component of subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and it interacts with a large number of proteins including p53 and has been implicated in several cellular functions such as cellular senescence, apoptosis, and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearson|first=M.|last2=Carbone|first2=R.|last3=Sebastiani|first3=C.|last4=Cioce|first4=M.|last5=Fagioli|first5=M.|last6=Saito|first6=S.|last7=Higashimoto|first7=Y.|last8=Appella|first8=E.|last9=Minucci|first9=S.|date=2000|title=PML regulates p53 acetylation and premature senescence induced by oncogenic Ras|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910364|journal=Nature|volume=406|issue=6792|pages=207–210|doi=10.1038/35018127|issn=0028-0836|pmid=10910364}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernardi|first=Rosa|last2=Pandolfi|first2=Pier Paolo|date=2007|title=Structure, dynamics and functions of promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17928811|journal=Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology|volume=8|issue=12|pages=1006–1016|doi=10.1038/nrm2277|issn=1471-0080|pmid=17928811}}</ref>. The gene RARA (Retinoic acid receptor, alpha) encodes a nuclear retinoic acid receptor which regulates transcription in a ligand-dependent manner<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=A.|last2=Licht|first2=J. D.|date=1999|title=Deconstructing a disease: RARalpha, its fusion partners, and their roles in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233871|journal=Blood|volume=93|issue=10|pages=3167–3215|issn=0006-4971|pmid=10233871}}</ref>. The fusion of PML and RARA results in expression of a hybrid protein with altered functions. This fusion protein deregulates transcriptional control such as RAR targets and disrupts PML nuclear bodies<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Thé|first=Hugues|last2=Chen|first2=Zhu|date=2010|title=Acute promyelocytic leukaemia: novel insights into the mechanisms of cure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966922|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=10|issue=11|pages=775–783|doi=10.1038/nrc2943|issn=1474-1768|pmid=20966922}}</ref>.
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(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references />
(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references />


'''
<br />


==Notes==
==Notes==
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Acute promyelocytic leukaemia with PML::RARA fusion”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_promyelocytic_leukaemia_with_PML::RARA_fusion</nowiki>.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Acute promyelocytic leukaemia with PML::RARA fusion”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_promyelocytic_leukaemia_with_PML::RARA_fusion</nowiki>.
[[Category:HAEM5]][[Category:DISEASE]][[Category:Diseases A]]
[[Category:HAEM5]]
[[Category:DISEASE]]
[[Category:Diseases A]]
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