Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia}}
[[HAEM5:Table_of_Contents|Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]
[[HAEM5:Table_of_Contents|Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]


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Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
__TOC__
==WHO Classification of Disease==
==WHO Classification of Disease==


Aggressive NK-cell Leukaemia  
Aggressive NK-cell Leukaemia  


==Definition / Description of Disease==
==Related Terminology==
Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia is a malignant proliferation of NK-cells, often associated with EBV infection, however, a subset of cases could be EBV negative. The disease has an extremely aggressive clinical course with poor response to chemotherapy, frequent relapses noted in patient who have had previously achieved complete remission (+/- bone marrow transplantation).
 
==Synonyms / Terminology==
 
Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia/lymphoma
 
==Epidemiology / Prevalence==
Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia impacts young to middle-aged adults with peak incidence during 3rd and 5th decades of life (Mean age: 40 years).<ref name=":1" /> There is no gender predilection and most prevalent in Asia, Central and South America.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=El Hussein|first=Siba|last2=Patel|first2=Keyur P.|last3=Fang|first3=Hong|last4=Thakral|first4=Beenu|last5=Loghavi|first5=Sanam|last6=Kanagal-Shamanna|first6=Rashmi|last7=Konoplev|first7=Sergej|last8=Jabbour|first8=Elias J.|last9=Medeiros|first9=L. Jeffrey|date=09 2020|title=Genomic and Immunophenotypic Landscape of Aggressive NK-Cell Leukemia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32590457|journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1235–1243|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001518|issn=1532-0979|pmid=32590457}}</ref> Median survival is very short, <2 months. EBV-negative cases tend to occur in older patients, with no significant difference in Asian vs. non-Asian populations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=El Hussein|first=Siba|last2=Medeiros|first2=L. Jeffrey|last3=Khoury|first3=Joseph D.|date=10 09, 2020|title=Aggressive NK Cell Leukemia: Current State of the Art|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33050313|journal=Cancers|volume=12|issue=10|doi=10.3390/cancers12102900|issn=2072-6694|pmc=7600035|pmid=33050313}}</ref> EBV-negative cases may occur de novo or transform from chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells.'''''<ref name=":4" />'''''
 
 
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":1" /><blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
==Clinical Features==
 
Most common presentation is with constitutional symptoms and frequently associated hepatosplenomegaly is noted on physical examination.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> 
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Signs and Symptoms'''
|Constitutional symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)
 
Hepatosplenomegaly common
 
Frequently complicated by multiorgan failure, coagulopathy and haemophagocytic syndrome
|-
|'''Laboratory Findings'''
|Markedly elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels
 
Circulating FASL
 
Variable percentage of circulating leukemic cells
 
Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
|}
 
 
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Features|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
 
 
'''Signs and Symptoms:'''
 
*Constitutional symptoms, e.g, fever, general malaise
*Hepatosplenomegaly common
*Frequently complicated by multiorgan failure, coagulopathy and haemophagocytic syndrome
 
'''Laboratory Findings:'''
 
*Markedly elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels
*Circulating FASL
*Variable % of circulating leukaemic cells
*Anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
 
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki>EBV-negative cases may occur ''de novo'' or transform from chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells
 
 
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Wook Youn|last2=Montes-Mojarro|first2=Ivonne A.|last3=Fend|first3=Falko|last4=Quintanilla-Martinez|first4=Leticia|date=2019|title=Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated T and NK-Cell Lymphoproliferative Diseases|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30931288|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|volume=7|pages=71|doi=10.3389/fped.2019.00071|issn=2296-2360|pmc=6428722|pmid=30931288}}</ref><blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
<blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
==Sites of Involvement==
 
Peripheral blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes are frequently involved. Extranodal involvement sites are organs including skin, lungs, soft tissue and omentum has also been reported.<ref name=":5" />
 
 
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Hue|first=Susan Swee-Shan|last2=Oon|first2=Ming Liang|last3=Wang|first3=Shi|last4=Tan|first4=Soo-Yong|last5=Ng|first5=Siok-Bian|date=2020-01|title=Epstein–Barr virus-associated T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: an update and diagnostic approach|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031302519304210|journal=Pathology|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=111–127|doi=10.1016/j.pathol.2019.09.011}}</ref><blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
==Morphologic Features==
 
 
'''Peripheral Blood'''
 
*Variable; May appear as:
**Normal large granular lymphocytes or
**Intermediate to large cells with atypical nuclei (enlarged, irregular folding, open chromatin or distinct nucleoli) and moderate pale or lightly basophilic cytoplasm containing fine, coarse or no azurophilic granules.<ref name=":1" />
 
'''Bone Marrow:'''
 
*Interstitial or intrasinusoidal infiltrating pattern, which may be extensive, focal or subtle<ref name=":0" />
*May have interspersed reactive histiocytes with haemophagocytosis
 
'''Tissue:'''
 
*Diffuse or patchy destructive infiltrates
*Monotonous medium sized cells
*Round or highly irregular nuclei with condensed chromatin and small nucleoli
*Frequently admixed apoptotic bodies
*Necrosis common
*+/- angioinvasion
 
 
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":1">Chan, JKC et al., (2017). Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p353-354.</ref><blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
==Immunophenotype==
 
The leukaemic cells show demonstrate the following phenotypic expression.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Finding!!Marker
|-
|Positive (universal)||CD2, CD3-epsilon, CD56, CD94, cytotoxic molecules (TIA1, Granzyme B, perforin A), FASL, c-MYC
|-
|Positive (subset)||CD16 (75%), CD11b, EBER, p53, pSTAT3, PD-L1, BCL2
|-
|Negative (universal)||surface CD3, CD4, CD5, CD57 (usually), CD158a/b/e, TCR alpha/beta, TCR gamma/delta
|-
|Negative (subset)||CD7, CD45
|}
 


<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><blockquote class="blockedit">
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==
<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the diagnostic criteria from the WHO book <u>autocompleted</u>; remove any <u>non</u>-genetics related criteria. If applicable, add text about other classification'' ''systems that define this entity and specify how the genetics-related criteria differ.'')</span>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|WHO Essential Criteria (Genetics)*
|
|-
|WHO Desirable Criteria (Genetics)*
|
|-
|Other Classification
|
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
==Related Terminology==
<span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the related terminology from the WHO <u>autocompleted</u>.)''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
|Acceptable
|Acceptable
|
|Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia/lymphoma
|-
|-
|Not Recommended
|Not Recommended
|
|NK-large granular lymphocyte leukaemia; aggressive large granular lymphocyte leukaemia
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Chr #!!'''Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH'''!!'''Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]'''!!'''Relevant Gene(s)'''
!Chr #!!Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH!!Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]!!Relevant Gene(s)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T'''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
Line 245: Line 104:
|}
|}


There have been a few chromosomal abnormalities associated with aggressive NK-cell leukaemia as listed below, however, the specificity along with prognostic and therapeutic significance is unknown.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
There have been a few chromosomal abnormalities associated with aggressive NK-cell leukaemia as listed below, however, the specificity along with prognostic and therapeutic significance is unknown.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=El Hussein|first=Siba|last2=Medeiros|first2=L. Jeffrey|last3=Khoury|first3=Joseph D.|date=10 09, 2020|title=Aggressive NK Cell Leukemia: Current State of the Art|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33050313|journal=Cancers|volume=12|issue=10|doi=10.3390/cancers12102900|issn=2072-6694|pmc=7600035|pmid=33050313}}</ref><ref name=":1">Chan, JKC et al., (2017). Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p353-354.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=El Hussein|first=Siba|last2=Patel|first2=Keyur P.|last3=Fang|first3=Hong|last4=Thakral|first4=Beenu|last5=Loghavi|first5=Sanam|last6=Kanagal-Shamanna|first6=Rashmi|last7=Konoplev|first7=Sergej|last8=Jabbour|first8=Elias J.|last9=Medeiros|first9=L. Jeffrey|date=09 2020|title=Genomic and Immunophenotypic Landscape of Aggressive NK-Cell Leukemia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32590457|journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1235–1243|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001518|issn=1532-0979|pmid=32590457}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 309: Line 168:
!Chromosomal Pattern
!Chromosomal Pattern
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!'''Prevalence -'''
!Prevalence -  
'''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T'''
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)'''
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes'''
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>
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==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==
==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Gene!!Genetic Alteration!!Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other!!Prevalence -
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T  
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR''
<br />
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Exon 18-21 activating mutations
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Oncogene
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Common (lung cancer)
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> T
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Yes (NCCN)
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Exons 18, 19, and 21 mutations are targetable for therapy. Exon 20 T790M variants cause resistance to first generation TKI therapy and are targetable by second and third generation TKIs (add references).
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> ''TP53''; Variable LOF mutations
<br />
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Variable LOF mutations
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Tumor Supressor Gene
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Common (breast cancer)
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> P
|
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> >90% are somatic; rare germline alterations associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (add reference). Denotes a poor prognosis in breast cancer.
|-
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> ''BRAF''; Activating mutations
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Activating mutations
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Oncogene
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Common (melanoma)
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> T
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
Mutations in the ''JAK-STAT'' pathway appear to be mutually exclusive.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=Liang|last2=Liu|first2=Dan|last3=Wang|first3=Na|last4=Ling|first4=Shaoping|last5=Tang|first5=Yuting|last6=Wu|first6=Jun|last7=Hao|first7=Lingtong|last8=Luo|first8=Hui|last9=Hu|first9=Xuelian|date=2018-02|title=Integrated genomic analysis identifies deregulated JAK/STAT-MYC-biosynthesis axis in aggressive NK-cell leukemia|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/cr2017146|journal=Cell Research|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=172–186|doi=10.1038/cr.2017.146|issn=1001-0602|pmc=PMC5799812|pmid=29148541}}</ref> Most ''STAT3'' and ''STAT5B''  mutations localized to exons 20 and 21 encoding the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which causes ''STAT'' dimerization. Other mutations identified: 9p copy gains (containing ''JAK2),'' point mutation in protein tyrosine phosphatase (''PTPRK'') (tumor suppressor that negatively regulates ''STAT3''). mutations in ''PTPN4'' and ''PTPN23.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Juehua|last2=Zhang|first2=Yanming|last3=Yaseen|first3=Nabeel R.|last4=Fang|first4=Yuqiang|last5=Lu|first5=Xinyan|last6=Sukhanova|first6=Madina|last7=Chen|first7=Qing|last8=Chen|first8=Yi-Hua|date=2020-11|title=Comprehensive molecular genetic studies of Epstein-Barr virus-negative aggressive Natural killer-cell leukemia/lymphoma|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0046817720301702|journal=Human Pathology|language=en|volume=105|pages=20–30|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2020.08.008}}</ref>''  
Mutations in the ''JAK-STAT'' pathway appear to be mutually exclusive.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=Liang|last2=Liu|first2=Dan|last3=Wang|first3=Na|last4=Ling|first4=Shaoping|last5=Tang|first5=Yuting|last6=Wu|first6=Jun|last7=Hao|first7=Lingtong|last8=Luo|first8=Hui|last9=Hu|first9=Xuelian|date=2018-02|title=Integrated genomic analysis identifies deregulated JAK/STAT-MYC-biosynthesis axis in aggressive NK-cell leukemia|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/cr2017146|journal=Cell Research|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=172–186|doi=10.1038/cr.2017.146|issn=1001-0602|pmc=PMC5799812|pmid=29148541}}</ref> Most ''STAT3'' and ''STAT5B''  mutations localized to exons 20 and 21 encoding the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which causes ''STAT'' dimerization. Other mutations identified: 9p copy gains (containing ''JAK2),'' point mutation in protein tyrosine phosphatase (''PTPRK'') (tumor suppressor that negatively regulates ''STAT3''). mutations in ''PTPN4'' and ''PTPN23.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Juehua|last2=Zhang|first2=Yanming|last3=Yaseen|first3=Nabeel R.|last4=Fang|first4=Yuqiang|last5=Lu|first5=Xinyan|last6=Sukhanova|first6=Madina|last7=Chen|first7=Qing|last8=Chen|first8=Yi-Hua|date=2020-11|title=Comprehensive molecular genetic studies of Epstein-Barr virus-negative aggressive Natural killer-cell leukemia/lymphoma|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0046817720301702|journal=Human Pathology|language=en|volume=105|pages=20–30|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2020.08.008}}</ref>''  


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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Gene; Genetic Alteration!!'''Presumed Mechanism (Tumor Suppressor Gene [TSG] / Oncogene / Other)'''!!'''Prevalence (COSMIC /  TCGA / Other)'''!!'''Concomitant Mutations'''!!'''Mutually Exclusive Mutations'''
!Gene; Genetic Alteration!!Presumed Mechanism (Tumor Suppressor Gene [TSG] / Oncogene / Other)!!Prevalence (COSMIC /  TCGA / Other)!!Concomitant Mutations!!Mutually Exclusive Mutations
!'''Diagnostic Significance (Yes, No or Unknown)'''
!Diagnostic Significance (Yes, No or Unknown)
!Prognostic Significance (Yes, No or Unknown)
!Prognostic Significance (Yes, No or Unknown)
!Therapeutic Significance (Yes, No or Unknown)
!Therapeutic Significance (Yes, No or Unknown)
Line 396: Line 299:


<br />
<br />
==Epigenomic Alterations==
==Epigenomic Alterations==


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|??
|??
|}
|}
==Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods==


<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Genes and Main Pathways Involved|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
Foundation of diagnosis based on morphology with immunophenotyping via flow cytometry +/- immunohistochemistry.<ref name=":0" />
==Familial Forms==


N/A
==Additional Information==
This disease is <u>defined/characterized</u> as detailed below:
*Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia is a malignant proliferation of NK-cells, often associated with EBV infection, however, a subset of cases could be EBV negative. The disease has an extremely aggressive clinical course with poor response to chemotherapy, frequent relapses noted in patient who have had previously achieved complete remission (+/- bone marrow transplantation).
The <u>epidemiology/prevalence</u> of this disease is detailed below:
*Aggressive NK-cell leukaemia impacts young to middle-aged adults with peak incidence during 3rd and 5th decades of life (Mean age: 40 years).<ref name=":1" /> There is no gender predilection and most prevalent in Asia, Central and South America.<ref name=":0" /> Median survival is very short, <2 months. EBV-negative cases tend to occur in older patients, with no significant difference in Asian vs. non-Asian populations.<ref name=":2" /> EBV-negative cases may occur de novo or transform from chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells.'''''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Wook Youn|last2=Montes-Mojarro|first2=Ivonne A.|last3=Fend|first3=Falko|last4=Quintanilla-Martinez|first4=Leticia|date=2019|title=Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated T and NK-Cell Lymphoproliferative Diseases|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30931288|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|volume=7|pages=71|doi=10.3389/fped.2019.00071|issn=2296-2360|pmc=6428722|pmid=30931288}}</ref>'''''
The <u>clinical features</u> of this disease are detailed below:
*Most common presentation is with constitutional symptoms and frequently associated hepatosplenomegaly is noted on physical examination.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />  EBV-negative cases may occur ''de novo'' or transform from chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells.
Signs and symptoms - Constitutional symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats); Hepatosplenomegaly common; Frequently complicated by multiorgan failure, coagulopathy and haemophagocytic syndrome
Laboratory findings - Markedly elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels; Circulating FASL; Variable percentage of circulating leukemic cells; Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia


*Upregulated JAK/STAT-MYC biosynthesis axis due to upstream STAT3 activation of the MYC transcription program. *
The <u>sites of involvement</u> of this disease are detailed below:
*Alterations in RAS-MAPK pathway also identified
*Epigenetic modifier genes (e.g ''BCOR, KMT2D/MLL2'', ''SETD2'', ''PRDM9'', ''CREBBP'', and ''TET2'')
*DNA damage repair (''TP53, ASXL1, ASXL2, BRINP3)''
*mRNA splicing factors ''(PRPF40B)''


*Peripheral blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes are frequently involved. Extranodal involvement sites are organs including skin, lungs, soft tissue and omentum has also been reported.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Hue|first=Susan Swee-Shan|last2=Oon|first2=Ming Liang|last3=Wang|first3=Shi|last4=Tan|first4=Soo-Yong|last5=Ng|first5=Siok-Bian|date=2020-01|title=Epstein–Barr virus-associated T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: an update and diagnostic approach|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031302519304210|journal=Pathology|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=111–127|doi=10.1016/j.pathol.2019.09.011}}</ref>


<nowiki>*</nowiki>Thought in some cases to be as a result of highly expressed EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) causing release of IL-10.<ref name=":2" />
The <u>morphologic features</u> of this disease are detailed below:  


'''Peripheral Blood'''


<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":2" /><blockquote class="blockedit">
*Variable; May appear as:
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
**Normal large granular lymphocytes or
----
**Intermediate to large cells with atypical nuclei (enlarged, irregular folding, open chromatin or distinct nucleoli) and moderate pale or lightly basophilic cytoplasm containing fine, coarse or no azurophilic granules.<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote class="blockedit">
 
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
'''Bone Marrow:'''
----
 
</blockquote>
*Interstitial or intrasinusoidal infiltrating pattern, which may be extensive, focal or subtle<ref name=":0" />
</blockquote>
*May have interspersed reactive histiocytes with haemophagocytosis
==Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods==
 
'''Tissue:'''
 
*Diffuse or patchy destructive infiltrates
*Monotonous medium sized cells
*Round or highly irregular nuclei with condensed chromatin and small nucleoli
*Frequently admixed apoptotic bodies
*Necrosis common
*+/- angioinvasion
 
The <u>immunophenotype</u> of this disease is detailed below:


Foundation of diagnosis based on morphology with immunophenotyping via flow cytometry +/- immunohistochemistry.<ref name=":0" />
*The leukaemic cells show demonstrate the following phenotypic expression.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />


Positive (universal) - CD2, CD3-epsilon, CD56, CD94, cytotoxic molecules (TIA1, Granzyme B, perforin A), FASL, c-MYC


<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":0" /><blockquote class="blockedit">
Positive (subset) - CD16 (75%), CD11b, EBER, p53, pSTAT3, PD-L1, BCL2
<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
----
</blockquote>
==Familial Forms==


N/A
Negative (universal) - surface CD3, CD4, CD5, CD57 (usually), CD158a/b/e, TCR alpha/beta, TCR gamma/delta


==Additional Information==
Negative (subset) - CD7, CD45
N/A


==Links==
==Links==
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[[HAEM5:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma|Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma]]
[[HAEM5:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma|Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma]]


[[Hepatosplenic T-cell Lymphoma (HSTCL)]]
[[HAEM5:Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma|Hepatosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]]


[[Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of natural killer cells (CLPD-NK)]]
[[HAEM5:NK-large granular lymphocytic leukaemia|NK-large Granular Lymphocytic Leukaemia]]


==References==
==References==
Retrieved from "https://test.ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Aggressive_NK-cell_leukaemia"