CNS5:Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant: Difference between revisions

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==Primary Author(s)*==
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant}}


__TOC__
[[CNS5:Table_of_Contents|Central Nervous System Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]


==Cancer Category/Type==
{{Under Construction}}
==Primary Author(s)*==
Meenakshi Mehrotra, PhD, Mount Sinai Health System, New York
==WHO Classification of Disease==


Put your text here
{| class="wikitable"
!Structure
!Disease
|-
|Book
|Central Nervous System Tumours (5th ed.)
|-
|Category
|Gliomas, glioneuronal tumours, and neuronal tumours
|-
|Family
|Gliomas, glioneuronal tumours, and neuronal tumours
|-
|Type
|Adult-type diffuse gliomas
|-
|Subtype(s)
|Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant
|}


==Cancer Sub-Classification / Subtype==
==Related Terminology==


Put your text here
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
==Definition / Description of Disease==
|Acceptable
 
|N/A
Put your text here
|-
 
|Not Recommended
==Synonyms / Terminology==
|Diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; glioblastoma, IDH-mutant; low-grade astrocytoma; lower-grade astrocytoma; high-grade astrocytoma; infiltrating astrocytoma; diffuse glioma
 
|}
Put your text here
 
==Epidemiology / Prevalence==
 
Put your text here
 
==Clinical Features==
 
Put your text here
 
==Sites of Involvement==
 
Put your text here
 
==Morphologic Features==
 
Put your text here
 
==Immunophenotype==
 
Put your text here and/or fill in the table


==Gene Rearrangements==
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Finding  !! Marker
!Driver Gene!!Fusion(s) and Common Partner Genes!!Molecular Pathogenesis!!Typical Chromosomal Alteration(s)
!Prevalence -Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|''MET''
|''PTPRZ1::MET''
|N/A
|N/A
|Rare (~1%)
|P
|No
|MET fusions and splicing variants convergently define a subgroup  of glioma sensitive to MET inhibitors<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Lingyu|last2=Zhang|first2=Ke-Nan|last3=Zhao|first3=Zheng|last4=Li|first4=Guanzhang|last5=Chai|first5=Rui-Chao|last6=Li|first6=Zhuoqun|last7=Liu|first7=Xing|last8=Chen|first8=Jing|last9=Jiang|first9=Tao|date=2024-05|title=MET fusions and splicing variants is a strong adverse prognostic factor in astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37530224|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=34|issue=3|pages=e13198|doi=10.1111/bpa.13198|issn=1750-3639|pmc=11007006|pmid=37530224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Queenie Hoi-Wing|last2=Li|first2=Kay Ka-Wai|last3=Wang|first3=Wei-Wei|last4=Malta|first4=Tathiane M.|last5=Noushmehr|first5=Houtan|last6=Grabovska|first6=Yura|last7=Jones|first7=Chris|last8=Chan|first8=Aden Ka-Yin|last9=Kwan|first9=Johnny Sheung-Him|date=2021-07|title=Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant primary astrocytoma Grade IV/glioblastomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692446|journal=Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc|volume=34|issue=7|pages=1245–1260|doi=10.1038/s41379-021-00778-x|issn=1530-0285|pmid=33692446}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Positive (universal) || EXAMPLE CD1
|''NTRK2''
|''GOLGA1::NTRK2''
|N/A
|N/A
|Rare (observed in single case report)
|P, T
|No
|Single case report<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirishima|first=Mari|last2=Akahane|first2=Toshiaki|last3=Higa|first3=Nayuta|last4=Suzuki|first4=Shinsuke|last5=Ueno|first5=Shinichi|last6=Yonezawa|first6=Hajime|last7=Uchida|first7=Hiroyuki|last8=Hanaya|first8=Ryosuke|last9=Yoshimoto|first9=Koji|date=2022-11|title=IDH-mutant astrocytoma with an evolutional progression to CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion and NTRK fusion during recurrence: A case report|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36265224|journal=Pathology, Research and Practice|volume=239|pages=154163|doi=10.1016/j.prp.2022.154163|issn=1618-0631|pmid=36265224}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Positive (subset) || EXAMPLE CD2
|''NTRK2''
|''CDK5RAP2::NTRK2''
|N/A
|N/A
|Rare (observed in single case report)
|P, T
|No
|Single case report<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirishima|first=Mari|last2=Akahane|first2=Toshiaki|last3=Higa|first3=Nayuta|last4=Suzuki|first4=Shinsuke|last5=Ueno|first5=Shinichi|last6=Yonezawa|first6=Hajime|last7=Uchida|first7=Hiroyuki|last8=Hanaya|first8=Ryosuke|last9=Yoshimoto|first9=Koji|date=2022-11|title=IDH-mutant astrocytoma with an evolutional progression to CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion and NTRK fusion during recurrence: A case report|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36265224|journal=Pathology, Research and Practice|volume=239|pages=154163|doi=10.1016/j.prp.2022.154163|issn=1618-0631|pmid=36265224}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Negative (universal) || EXAMPLE CD3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Negative (subset) || EXAMPLE CD4
|
|
|
|
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|
|}
|}
 
==Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH==
==Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)==
<br />
 
Put your text here and/or fill in the table
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Chromosomal Rearrangement !! Genes in Fusion (5’ or 3’ Segments) !! Pathogenic Derivative !! Prevalence
!Chr #!!Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH!!Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]!!Relevant Gene(s)
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|9
|loss
|chr9:21,967,752-21,995,324
|''CDKN2A''
|P
|Yes  (WHO CNS5)
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Rui Ryan|last2=Shi|first2=Zhi-Feng|last3=Zhang|first3=Zhen-Yu|last4=Chan|first4=Aden Ka-Yin|last5=Aibaidula|first5=Abudumijiti|last6=Wang|first6=Wei-Wei|last7=Kwan|first7=Johnny Sheung Him|last8=Poon|first8=Wai Sang|last9=Chen|first9=Hong|date=2020-05|title=IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733156|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=30|issue=3|pages=541–553|doi=10.1111/bpa.12801|issn=1750-3639|pmc=8018138|pmid=31733156}}</ref>
|-
|9
|loss
|chr9:22,002,903-22,009,313
|''CDKN2B''
|P
|Yes  (WHO CNS5)
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Kwanghoon|last2=Kim|first2=Seong-Ik|last3=Kim|first3=Eric Eunshik|last4=Shim|first4=Yu-Mi|last5=Won|first5=Jae-Kyung|last6=Park|first6=Chul-Kee|last7=Choi|first7=Seung Hong|last8=Yun|first8=Hongseok|last9=Lee|first9=Hyunju|date=2023-04-25|title=Genomic profiles of IDH-mutant gliomas: MYCN-amplified IDH-mutant astrocytoma had the worst prognosis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37185778|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=1|pages=6761|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32153-y|issn=2045-2322|pmc=10130138|pmid=37185778}}</ref>
|-
|12
|amp
|chr12:57,747,727-57,756,013
|''CDK4''
|P,T
|No
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Rui Ryan|last2=Shi|first2=Zhi-Feng|last3=Zhang|first3=Zhen-Yu|last4=Chan|first4=Aden Ka-Yin|last5=Aibaidula|first5=Abudumijiti|last6=Wang|first6=Wei-Wei|last7=Kwan|first7=Johnny Sheung Him|last8=Poon|first8=Wai Sang|last9=Chen|first9=Hong|date=2020-05|title=IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733156|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=30|issue=3|pages=541–553|doi=10.1111/bpa.12801|issn=1750-3639|pmc=8018138|pmid=31733156}}</ref>
|-
|13
|loss
|chr13:48,303,744-48,599,436
|''RB1''
|P
|No
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shirahata|first=Mitsuaki|last2=Ono|first2=Takahiro|last3=Stichel|first3=Damian|last4=Schrimpf|first4=Daniel|last5=Reuss|first5=David E.|last6=Sahm|first6=Felix|last7=Koelsche|first7=Christian|last8=Wefers|first8=Annika|last9=Reinhardt|first9=Annekathrin|date=2018-07|title=Novel, improved grading system(s) for IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29687258|journal=Acta Neuropathologica|volume=136|issue=1|pages=153–166|doi=10.1007/s00401-018-1849-4|issn=1432-0533|pmid=29687258}}</ref>
|-
|4
|amp
|chr4:54,229,280-54,298,245
|''PDGFRA''
|P
|No
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Rui Ryan|last2=Shi|first2=Zhi-Feng|last3=Zhang|first3=Zhen-Yu|last4=Chan|first4=Aden Ka-Yin|last5=Aibaidula|first5=Abudumijiti|last6=Wang|first6=Wei-Wei|last7=Kwan|first7=Johnny Sheung Him|last8=Poon|first8=Wai Sang|last9=Chen|first9=Hong|date=2020-05|title=IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733156|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=30|issue=3|pages=541–553|doi=10.1111/bpa.12801|issn=1750-3639|pmc=8018138|pmid=31733156}}</ref>
|-
|2
|amp
|chr2:15,940,550-15,947,007
|''MYCN''
|P
|No
|Poorer  prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shirahata|first=Mitsuaki|last2=Ono|first2=Takahiro|last3=Stichel|first3=Damian|last4=Schrimpf|first4=Daniel|last5=Reuss|first5=David E.|last6=Sahm|first6=Felix|last7=Koelsche|first7=Christian|last8=Wefers|first8=Annika|last9=Reinhardt|first9=Annekathrin|date=2018-07|title=Novel, improved grading system(s) for IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29687258|journal=Acta Neuropathologica|volume=136|issue=1|pages=153–166|doi=10.1007/s00401-018-1849-4|issn=1432-0533|pmid=29687258}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Kwanghoon|last2=Kim|first2=Seong-Ik|last3=Kim|first3=Eric Eunshik|last4=Shim|first4=Yu-Mi|last5=Won|first5=Jae-Kyung|last6=Park|first6=Chul-Kee|last7=Choi|first7=Seung Hong|last8=Yun|first8=Hongseok|last9=Lee|first9=Hyunju|date=2023-04-25|title=Genomic profiles of IDH-mutant gliomas: MYCN-amplified IDH-mutant astrocytoma had the worst prognosis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37185778|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=1|pages=6761|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32153-y|issn=2045-2322|pmc=10130138|pmid=37185778}}</ref>
|-
|7
|amp
|chr7:116,672,196-116,798,377
|''MET''
|
|No
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Kay Ka-Wai|last2=Shi|first2=Zhi-Feng|last3=Malta|first3=Tathiane M.|last4=Chan|first4=Aden Ka-Yin|last5=Cheng|first5=Shaz|last6=Kwan|first6=Johnny Sheung Him|last7=Yang|first7=Rui Ryan|last8=Poon|first8=Wai Sang|last9=Mao|first9=Ying|date=2019|title=Identification of subsets of IDH-mutant glioblastomas with distinct epigenetic and copy number alterations and stratified clinical risks|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31667475|journal=Neuro-Oncology Advances|volume=1|issue=1|pages=vdz015|doi=10.1093/noajnl/vdz015|issn=2632-2498|pmc=6798792|pmid=31667475}}</ref>
|-
|-
|EXAMPLE t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) || EXAMPLE 3'ABL1 / 5'BCR || EXAMPLE der(22) || EXAMPLE 5%
|10
|loss
|chr10:87863113-87971930
|''PTEN''
|P
|No
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Kwanghoon|last2=Kim|first2=Seong-Ik|last3=Kim|first3=Eric Eunshik|last4=Shim|first4=Yu-Mi|last5=Won|first5=Jae-Kyung|last6=Park|first6=Chul-Kee|last7=Choi|first7=Seung Hong|last8=Yun|first8=Hongseok|last9=Lee|first9=Hyunju|date=2023-04-25|title=Genomic profiles of IDH-mutant gliomas: MYCN-amplified IDH-mutant astrocytoma had the worst prognosis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37185778|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=1|pages=6761|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32153-y|issn=2045-2322|pmc=10130138|pmid=37185778}}</ref>
|-
|-
|EXAMPLE t(8;21)(q22;q22) || EXAMPLE 5'RUNX1 / 3'RUNXT1 || EXAMPLE der(8) || EXAMPLE 5%
|
|}
|
|
==Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns==
|
 
|
Put your text here
|
 
|
==Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH==
|-
 
|
Put your text here and/or fill in the table
|
 
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|}
==Characteristic Chromosomal or Other Global Mutational Patterns==
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Chromosome Number !! Gain/Loss/Amp/LOH !! Region
!Chromosomal Pattern
!Molecular Pathogenesis
!Prevalence -
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|-
|EXAMPLE 8 || EXAMPLE Gain || EXAMPLE chr8:0-1000000
|9p, 10q, 11p,  22q and 13q deletions
|N/A
|Rare
|P
|No
|Poor prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesileanu|first=C. Mircea S.|last2=Vallentgoed|first2=Wies R.|last3=French|first3=Pim J.|last4=van den Bent|first4=Martin J.|date=2022-11|title=Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152406|journal=European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990)|volume=175|pages=214–223|doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016|issn=1879-0852|pmid=36152406}}</ref>
<br />
|-
|-
|EXAMPLE 7 || EXAMPLE Loss || EXAMPLE chr7:0-1000000
|19q loss alone
|}
|N/A
|Rare
|P
|No
|Better  outcome<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mirchia|first=Kanish|last2=Richardson|first2=Timothy E.|date=2020-07-06|title=Beyond IDH-Mutation: Emerging Molecular Diagnostic and Prognostic Features in Adult Diffuse Gliomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32640746|journal=Cancers|volume=12|issue=7|pages=1817|doi=10.3390/cancers12071817|issn=2072-6694|pmc=7408495|pmid=32640746}}</ref>
|-
|Gains chr 7 and chr 8q
|N/A
|Rare
|P
|No
|Poor  prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesileanu|first=C. Mircea S.|last2=Vallentgoed|first2=Wies R.|last3=French|first3=Pim J.|last4=van den Bent|first4=Martin J.|date=2022-11|title=Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152406|journal=European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990)|volume=175|pages=214–223|doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016|issn=1879-0852|pmid=36152406}}</ref>
|-
|CNLOH chr17p
|N/A
|Rare
|P
|No
|Better  prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesileanu|first=C. Mircea S.|last2=Vallentgoed|first2=Wies R.|last3=French|first3=Pim J.|last4=van den Bent|first4=Martin J.|date=2022-11|title=Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152406|journal=European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990)|volume=175|pages=214–223|doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016|issn=1879-0852|pmid=36152406}}</ref>
<br />
|-
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|}
==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==
==Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)==
 
<br />
Put your text here and/or fill in the tables
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Gene !! Mutation !! Oncogene/Tumor Suppressor/Other !! Presumed Mechanism (LOF/GOF/Other; Driver/Passenger) !! Prevalence (COSMIC/TCGA/Other)
!Gene!!Genetic Alteration!!Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other!!Prevalence -
Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)
!Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T  
!Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)
!Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
|-
|''IDH1''
|Codon 132  activating mutations
|Oncogene
<br />
|Common
|D
|Yes (WHO CNS5)
|Essential  diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
|-
|''IDH2''
|Codon 172  activating mutations
|Oncogene
<br />
|Common
|D
|Yes (WHO CNS5)
|Essential  diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
|-
|''TP53''
|Variable  LOF mutations
|TSG
<br />
|Common
|D
|Yes (WHO CNS5)
|Desirable  diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
|-
|''ATRX''
|Variable  LOF mutations
|TSG
|Common
|D
|Yes (WHO CNS5)
|Desirable  diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
|-
|-
| EXAMPLE TP53 || EXAMPLE R273H || EXAMPLE Tumor Suppressor || EXAMPLE LOF || EXAMPLE 20%
|''TERT''
|}
|Hotspot GOF mutation
|Oncogene
===Other Mutations===
|Rare
|D
|Yes (WHO CNS5)
|Mutually exclusive with ATRX mutations<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network|last2=Brat|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Verhaak|first3=Roel G. W.|last4=Aldape|first4=Kenneth D.|last5=Yung|first5=W. K. Alfred|last6=Salama|first6=Sofie R.|last7=Cooper|first7=Lee A. D.|last8=Rheinbay|first8=Esther|last9=Miller|first9=C. Ryan|date=2015-06-25|title=Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061751|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=26|pages=2481–2498|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1402121|issn=1533-4406|pmc=4530011|pmid=26061751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eckel-Passow|first=Jeanette E.|last2=Lachance|first2=Daniel H.|last3=Molinaro|first3=Annette M.|last4=Walsh|first4=Kyle M.|last5=Decker|first5=Paul A.|last6=Sicotte|first6=Hugues|last7=Pekmezci|first7=Melike|last8=Rice|first8=Terri|last9=Kosel|first9=Matt L.|date=2015-06-25|title=Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061753|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=26|pages=2499–2508|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1407279|issn=1533-4406|pmc=4489704|pmid=26061753}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Killela|first=Patrick J.|last2=Reitman|first2=Zachary J.|last3=Jiao|first3=Yuchen|last4=Bettegowda|first4=Chetan|last5=Agrawal|first5=Nishant|last6=Diaz|first6=Luis A.|last7=Friedman|first7=Allan H.|last8=Friedman|first8=Henry|last9=Gallia|first9=Gary L.|date=2013-04-09|title=TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in gliomas and a subset of tumors derived from cells with low rates of self-renewal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23530248|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=110|issue=15|pages=6021–6026|doi=10.1073/pnas.1303607110|issn=1091-6490|pmc=3625331|pmid=23530248}}</ref>
|-
|''MET''
|Splicing variant
|Oncogene
|Rare
|P
|No
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Lingyu|last2=Zhang|first2=Ke-Nan|last3=Zhao|first3=Zheng|last4=Li|first4=Guanzhang|last5=Chai|first5=Rui-Chao|last6=Li|first6=Zhuoqun|last7=Liu|first7=Xing|last8=Chen|first8=Jing|last9=Jiang|first9=Tao|date=2024-05|title=MET fusions and splicing variants is a strong adverse prognostic factor in astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37530224|journal=Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)|volume=34|issue=3|pages=e13198|doi=10.1111/bpa.13198|issn=1750-3639|pmc=11007006|pmid=37530224}}</ref>
|-
|''PIK3R1''
|Variable  LOF mutations
|TSG
|Rare
|P
|No
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aoki|first=Kosuke|last2=Nakamura|first2=Hideo|last3=Suzuki|first3=Hiromichi|last4=Matsuo|first4=Keitaro|last5=Kataoka|first5=Keisuke|last6=Shimamura|first6=Teppei|last7=Motomura|first7=Kazuya|last8=Ohka|first8=Fumiharu|last9=Shiina|first9=Satoshi|date=2018-01-10|title=Prognostic relevance of genetic alterations in diffuse lower-grade gliomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29016839|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=20|issue=1|pages=66–77|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nox132|issn=1523-5866|pmc=5761527|pmid=29016839}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Queenie Hoi-Wing|last2=Li|first2=Kay Ka-Wai|last3=Wang|first3=Wei-Wei|last4=Malta|first4=Tathiane M.|last5=Noushmehr|first5=Houtan|last6=Grabovska|first6=Yura|last7=Jones|first7=Chris|last8=Chan|first8=Aden Ka-Yin|last9=Kwan|first9=Johnny Sheung-Him|date=2021-07|title=Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant primary astrocytoma Grade IV/glioblastomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692446|journal=Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc|volume=34|issue=7|pages=1245–1260|doi=10.1038/s41379-021-00778-x|issn=1530-0285|pmid=33692446}}</ref>
|-
|''PIK3CA''
|Exon 10,  exon 21 activating mutations
|Oncogene
|Rare
|P
|No
|Poorer prognosis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Queenie Hoi-Wing|last2=Li|first2=Kay Ka-Wai|last3=Wang|first3=Wei-Wei|last4=Malta|first4=Tathiane M.|last5=Noushmehr|first5=Houtan|last6=Grabovska|first6=Yura|last7=Jones|first7=Chris|last8=Chan|first8=Aden Ka-Yin|last9=Kwan|first9=Johnny Sheung-Him|date=2021-07|title=Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant primary astrocytoma Grade IV/glioblastomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692446|journal=Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc|volume=34|issue=7|pages=1245–1260|doi=10.1038/s41379-021-00778-x|issn=1530-0285|pmid=33692446}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aoki|first=Kosuke|last2=Nakamura|first2=Hideo|last3=Suzuki|first3=Hiromichi|last4=Matsuo|first4=Keitaro|last5=Kataoka|first5=Keisuke|last6=Shimamura|first6=Teppei|last7=Motomura|first7=Kazuya|last8=Ohka|first8=Fumiharu|last9=Shiina|first9=Satoshi|date=2018-01-10|title=Prognostic relevance of genetic alterations in diffuse lower-grade gliomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29016839|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=20|issue=1|pages=66–77|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nox132|issn=1523-5866|pmc=5761527|pmid=29016839}}</ref>
|-
|''TTN''
|Activating mutations
|Oncogene
|Rare
|
|No
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Binghao|last2=Xia|first2=Yu|last3=Yang|first3=Fengchun|last4=Wang|first4=Yaning|last5=Wang|first5=Yuekun|last6=Wang|first6=Yadong|last7=Dai|first7=Congxin|last8=Wang|first8=Yu|last9=Ma|first9=Wenbin|date=2022-03-14|title=Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma grade 2 indicate tumor purity as an underlying genomic factor|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35287567|journal=Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)|volume=28|issue=1|pages=34|doi=10.1186/s10020-022-00454-z|issn=1528-3658|pmc=8919570|pmid=35287567}}</ref>
|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
==Epigenomic Alterations==
''MGMT'' promoter methylation (73%)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nakamura|first=M.|last2=Watanabe|first2=T.|last3=Yonekawa|first3=Y.|last4=Kleihues|first4=P.|last5=Ohgaki|first5=H.|date=2001-10|title=Promoter methylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT in astrocytomas is frequently associated with G:C --> A:T mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11577014|journal=Carcinogenesis|volume=22|issue=10|pages=1715–1719|doi=10.1093/carcin/22.10.1715|issn=0143-3334|pmid=11577014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turcan|first=Sevin|last2=Rohle|first2=Daniel|last3=Goenka|first3=Anuj|last4=Walsh|first4=Logan A.|last5=Fang|first5=Fang|last6=Yilmaz|first6=Emrullah|last7=Campos|first7=Carl|last8=Fabius|first8=Armida W. M.|last9=Lu|first9=Chao|date=2012-02-15|title=IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22343889|journal=Nature|volume=483|issue=7390|pages=479–483|doi=10.1038/nature10866|issn=1476-4687|pmc=3351699|pmid=22343889}}</ref>
==Genes and Main Pathways Involved==
Put your text here and fill in the table <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)''</span>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Type !! Gene/Region/Other
!Gene; Genetic Alteration!!Pathway!!Pathophysiologic Outcome
|-
|Homozygous deletion of ''CDKN2A'', ''CDKN2B'',  ''RB1'', and ''CDK4''
|RB pathway
|Increased cell growth and proliferation  Negatively correlated with overall survival<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesileanu|first=C. Mircea S.|last2=Vallentgoed|first2=Wies R.|last3=French|first3=Pim J.|last4=van den Bent|first4=Martin J.|date=2022-11|title=Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152406|journal=European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990)|volume=175|pages=214–223|doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016|issn=1879-0852|pmid=36152406}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Concomitant Mutations || EXAMPLE IDH1 R123H
|Amp of ''PDGFRA'' and activating  mutations in PI3K genes
|RTK-PI3K-mTOR
|Increased activation induces cell cycle  progression<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesileanu|first=C. Mircea S.|last2=Vallentgoed|first2=Wies R.|last3=French|first3=Pim J.|last4=van den Bent|first4=Martin J.|date=2022-11|title=Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152406|journal=European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990)|volume=175|pages=214–223|doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016|issn=1879-0852|pmid=36152406}}</ref>  
|-
|-
| Secondary Mutations || EXAMPLE Trisomy 7
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Mutually Exclusive || EXAMPLE EGFR Amplification
|
|
|
|}
|}
==Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods==
·      Initial diagnostic workup is performed by using routine immunohistochemical panel which involves IDH1 R132H, p53 and ATRX IHC


==Epigenomics (Methylation)==
·      In case of negative and indeterminate IHC results, sequencing need to be performed for ''IDH1'' codon 132 and ''IDH2'' codon 172, to detect non-canonical (non-R132H) ''IDH1/2'' mutations.
 
Put your text here
 
==Genes and Main Pathways Involved==
 
Put your text here
 
==Diagnostic Testing Methods==
 
Put your text here
 
==Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications)==
 
Put your text here


==Familial Forms==
==Familial Forms==
·      Generally sporadic but low frequency SNP at 8q24.21 associated with increased risk<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Batchelor|first=Tracy T.|last2=Walsh|first2=Kyle M.|date=2023-04-06|title=Understanding the Genetic Risk of IDH-Mutant Glioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37018498|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=388|issue=14|pages=1332–1334|doi=10.1056/NEJMcibr2213112|issn=1533-4406|pmid=37018498}}</ref>


Put your text here
·      Variants at 8q24.21 (''CCDC'' locus), ''PHLDB1, AKT3, IDH1, D2HGDH''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Batchelor|first=Tracy T.|last2=Walsh|first2=Kyle M.|date=2023-04-06|title=Understanding the Genetic Risk of IDH-Mutant Glioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37018498|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=388|issue=14|pages=1332–1334|doi=10.1056/NEJMcibr2213112|issn=1533-4406|pmid=37018498}}</ref>


==Other Information==
·      Li-Fraumeni syndrome characterized by germline ''TP53'' mutations<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watanabe|first=Takuya|last2=Vital|first2=Anne|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Kleihues|first4=Paul|last5=Ohgaki|first5=Hiroko|date=2009-06|title=Selective acquisition of IDH1 R132C mutations in astrocytomas associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19340432|journal=Acta Neuropathologica|volume=117|issue=6|pages=653–656|doi=10.1007/s00401-009-0528-x|issn=1432-0533|pmid=19340432}}</ref>


Put your text here
·      IDH1R132C mutations in tumors with germline ''TP53'' mutation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watanabe|first=Takuya|last2=Vital|first2=Anne|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Kleihues|first4=Paul|last5=Ohgaki|first5=Hiroko|date=2009-06|title=Selective acquisition of IDH1 R132C mutations in astrocytomas associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19340432|journal=Acta Neuropathologica|volume=117|issue=6|pages=653–656|doi=10.1007/s00401-009-0528-x|issn=1432-0533|pmid=19340432}}</ref>


==Links==
·      Patients with inherited Ollier disease<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corvino|first=Sergio|last2=Mariniello|first2=Giuseppe|last3=Corazzelli|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Franca|first4=Raduan Ahmed|last5=Del Basso De Caro|first5=Marialaura|last6=Della Monica|first6=Rosa|last7=Chiariotti|first7=Lorenzo|last8=Maiuri|first8=Francesco|date=2022-07-16|title=Brain Gliomas and Ollier Disease: Molecular Findings as Predictive Risk Factors?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35884525|journal=Cancers|volume=14|issue=14|pages=3464|doi=10.3390/cancers14143464|issn=2072-6694|pmc=9324397|pmid=35884525}}</ref>


Put your links here
·      Germline mutations in mismatch repair genes (pediatric and adults)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Timothy E.|last2=Yokoda|first2=Raquel T.|last3=Rashidipour|first3=Omid|last4=Vij|first4=Meenakshi|last5=Snuderl|first5=Matija|last6=Brem|first6=Steven|last7=Hatanpaa|first7=Kimmo J.|last8=McBrayer|first8=Samuel K.|last9=Abdullah|first9=Kalil G.|date=2023|title=Mismatch repair protein mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma and IDH-wild-type glioblastoma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37554222|journal=Neuro-Oncology Advances|volume=5|issue=1|pages=vdad085|doi=10.1093/noajnl/vdad085|issn=2632-2498|pmc=10406418|pmid=37554222}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
<br />
[[Category:CNS5]]
[[Category:DISEASE]]
[[Category:Diseases A]]
<references />
==Notes==
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page.  If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the [[Leadership|''<u>Associate Editor</u>'']] or other CCGA representative.  When pages have a major update, the new author will be acknowledged at the beginning of the page, and those who contributed previously will be acknowledged below as a prior author.


=== EXAMPLE Book ===
Prior Author(s):
#Arber DA, et al., (2008). Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities, in World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4thedition.Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW, Editors. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p117-118.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/CNS5:Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant</nowiki>.
 
=== EXAMPLE Journal Article ===
#Li Y, et al., (2001). Fusion of two novel genes, RBM15 and MKL1, in the t(1;22)(p13;q13) of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 28:220-221, PMID 11431691.
 
== Notes ==
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Primary authors will typically be those that initially create and complete the content of a page.  If a subsequent user modifies the content and feels the effort put forth is of high enough significance to warrant listing in the authorship section, please contact the CCGA coordinators (contact information provided on the homepage).  Additional global feedback or concerns are also welcome.

Latest revision as of 07:04, 4 September 2025


Central Nervous System Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)

Primary Author(s)*

Meenakshi Mehrotra, PhD, Mount Sinai Health System, New York

WHO Classification of Disease

Structure Disease
Book Central Nervous System Tumours (5th ed.)
Category Gliomas, glioneuronal tumours, and neuronal tumours
Family Gliomas, glioneuronal tumours, and neuronal tumours
Type Adult-type diffuse gliomas
Subtype(s) Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant

Related Terminology

Acceptable N/A
Not Recommended Diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; glioblastoma, IDH-mutant; low-grade astrocytoma; lower-grade astrocytoma; high-grade astrocytoma; infiltrating astrocytoma; diffuse glioma

Gene Rearrangements


Driver Gene Fusion(s) and Common Partner Genes Molecular Pathogenesis Typical Chromosomal Alteration(s) Prevalence -Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease) Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
MET PTPRZ1::MET N/A N/A Rare (~1%) P No MET fusions and splicing variants convergently define a subgroup of glioma sensitive to MET inhibitors[1][2]
NTRK2 GOLGA1::NTRK2 N/A N/A Rare (observed in single case report) P, T No Single case report[3]
NTRK2 CDK5RAP2::NTRK2 N/A N/A Rare (observed in single case report) P, T No Single case report[4]

Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH


Chr # Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size] Relevant Gene(s) Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
9 loss chr9:21,967,752-21,995,324 CDKN2A P Yes  (WHO CNS5) Poorer prognosis[5]
9 loss chr9:22,002,903-22,009,313 CDKN2B P Yes  (WHO CNS5) Poorer prognosis[6]
12 amp chr12:57,747,727-57,756,013 CDK4 P,T No Poorer prognosis[7]
13 loss chr13:48,303,744-48,599,436 RB1 P No [8]
4 amp chr4:54,229,280-54,298,245 PDGFRA P No Poorer prognosis[9]
2 amp chr2:15,940,550-15,947,007 MYCN P No Poorer prognosis[10][11]
7 amp chr7:116,672,196-116,798,377 MET No [12]
10 loss chr10:87863113-87971930 PTEN P No [13]

Characteristic Chromosomal or Other Global Mutational Patterns


Chromosomal Pattern Molecular Pathogenesis Prevalence -

Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
9p, 10q, 11p, 22q and 13q deletions N/A Rare P No Poor prognosis[14]


19q loss alone N/A Rare P No Better outcome[15]
Gains chr 7 and chr 8q N/A Rare P No Poor prognosis[16]
CNLOH chr17p N/A Rare P No Better prognosis[17]


Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)


Gene Genetic Alteration Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other Prevalence -

Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T   Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes
IDH1 Codon 132 activating mutations Oncogene


Common D Yes (WHO CNS5) Essential diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
IDH2 Codon 172 activating mutations Oncogene


Common D Yes (WHO CNS5) Essential diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
TP53 Variable LOF mutations TSG


Common D Yes (WHO CNS5) Desirable diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
ATRX Variable LOF mutations TSG Common D Yes (WHO CNS5) Desirable diagnostic criterion (WHO CNS 5)
TERT Hotspot GOF mutation Oncogene Rare D Yes (WHO CNS5) Mutually exclusive with ATRX mutations[18][19][20]
MET Splicing variant Oncogene Rare P No Poorer prognosis[21]
PIK3R1 Variable LOF mutations TSG Rare P No Poorer prognosis[22][23]
PIK3CA Exon 10, exon 21 activating mutations Oncogene Rare P No Poorer prognosis[24][25]
TTN Activating mutations Oncogene Rare No [26]

Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in cBioportal, COSMIC, and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.

Epigenomic Alterations

MGMT promoter methylation (73%)[27] [28]

Genes and Main Pathways Involved

Put your text here and fill in the table (Instructions: Please include references throughout the table. Do not delete the table.)

Gene; Genetic Alteration Pathway Pathophysiologic Outcome
Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, CDKN2B, RB1, and CDK4 RB pathway Increased cell growth and proliferation Negatively correlated with overall survival[29]
Amp of PDGFRA and activating mutations in PI3K genes RTK-PI3K-mTOR Increased activation induces cell cycle progression[30]  

Genetic Diagnostic Testing Methods

·      Initial diagnostic workup is performed by using routine immunohistochemical panel which involves IDH1 R132H, p53 and ATRX IHC

·      In case of negative and indeterminate IHC results, sequencing need to be performed for IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172, to detect non-canonical (non-R132H) IDH1/2 mutations.

Familial Forms

·      Generally sporadic but low frequency SNP at 8q24.21 associated with increased risk[31]

·      Variants at 8q24.21 (CCDC locus), PHLDB1, AKT3, IDH1, D2HGDH[32]

·      Li-Fraumeni syndrome characterized by germline TP53 mutations[33]

·      IDH1R132C mutations in tumors with germline TP53 mutation[34]

·      Patients with inherited Ollier disease[35]

·      Germline mutations in mismatch repair genes (pediatric and adults)[36]

References


  1. ↑ Liu, Lingyu; et al. (2024-05). "MET fusions and splicing variants is a strong adverse prognostic factor in astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant". Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 34 (3): e13198. doi:10.1111/bpa.13198. ISSN 1750-3639. PMC 11007006 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37530224 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Wong, Queenie Hoi-Wing; et al. (2021-07). "Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant primary astrocytoma Grade IV/glioblastomas". Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 34 (7): 1245–1260. doi:10.1038/s41379-021-00778-x. ISSN 1530-0285. PMID 33692446 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ↑ Kirishima, Mari; et al. (2022-11). "IDH-mutant astrocytoma with an evolutional progression to CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion and NTRK fusion during recurrence: A case report". Pathology, Research and Practice. 239: 154163. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2022.154163. ISSN 1618-0631. PMID 36265224 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ Kirishima, Mari; et al. (2022-11). "IDH-mutant astrocytoma with an evolutional progression to CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion and NTRK fusion during recurrence: A case report". Pathology, Research and Practice. 239: 154163. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2022.154163. ISSN 1618-0631. PMID 36265224 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ Yang, Rui Ryan; et al. (2020-05). "IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations". Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 30 (3): 541–553. doi:10.1111/bpa.12801. ISSN 1750-3639. PMC 8018138 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31733156. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Lee, Kwanghoon; et al. (2023-04-25). "Genomic profiles of IDH-mutant gliomas: MYCN-amplified IDH-mutant astrocytoma had the worst prognosis". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 6761. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32153-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10130138 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37185778 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Yang, Rui Ryan; et al. (2020-05). "IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations". Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 30 (3): 541–553. doi:10.1111/bpa.12801. ISSN 1750-3639. PMC 8018138 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31733156. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ Shirahata, Mitsuaki; et al. (2018-07). "Novel, improved grading system(s) for IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas". Acta Neuropathologica. 136 (1): 153–166. doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1849-4. ISSN 1432-0533. PMID 29687258. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ Yang, Rui Ryan; et al. (2020-05). "IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations". Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 30 (3): 541–553. doi:10.1111/bpa.12801. ISSN 1750-3639. PMC 8018138 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31733156. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Shirahata, Mitsuaki; et al. (2018-07). "Novel, improved grading system(s) for IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas". Acta Neuropathologica. 136 (1): 153–166. doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1849-4. ISSN 1432-0533. PMID 29687258. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ Lee, Kwanghoon; et al. (2023-04-25). "Genomic profiles of IDH-mutant gliomas: MYCN-amplified IDH-mutant astrocytoma had the worst prognosis". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 6761. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32153-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10130138 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37185778 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Li, Kay Ka-Wai; et al. (2019). "Identification of subsets of IDH-mutant glioblastomas with distinct epigenetic and copy number alterations and stratified clinical risks". Neuro-Oncology Advances. 1 (1): vdz015. doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdz015. ISSN 2632-2498. PMC 6798792. PMID 31667475.
  13. ↑ Lee, Kwanghoon; et al. (2023-04-25). "Genomic profiles of IDH-mutant gliomas: MYCN-amplified IDH-mutant astrocytoma had the worst prognosis". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 6761. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32153-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10130138 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37185778 Check |pmid= value (help).
  14. ↑ Tesileanu, C. Mircea S.; et al. (2022-11). "Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review". European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990). 175: 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016. ISSN 1879-0852. PMID 36152406 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ↑ Mirchia, Kanish; et al. (2020-07-06). "Beyond IDH-Mutation: Emerging Molecular Diagnostic and Prognostic Features in Adult Diffuse Gliomas". Cancers. 12 (7): 1817. doi:10.3390/cancers12071817. ISSN 2072-6694. PMC 7408495 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32640746 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Tesileanu, C. Mircea S.; et al. (2022-11). "Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review". European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990). 175: 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016. ISSN 1879-0852. PMID 36152406 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ↑ Tesileanu, C. Mircea S.; et al. (2022-11). "Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review". European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990). 175: 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016. ISSN 1879-0852. PMID 36152406 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ↑ Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network; et al. (2015-06-25). "Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (26): 2481–2498. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402121. ISSN 1533-4406. PMC 4530011. PMID 26061751.
  19. ↑ Eckel-Passow, Jeanette E.; et al. (2015-06-25). "Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (26): 2499–2508. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1407279. ISSN 1533-4406. PMC 4489704. PMID 26061753.
  20. ↑ Killela, Patrick J.; et al. (2013-04-09). "TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in gliomas and a subset of tumors derived from cells with low rates of self-renewal". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (15): 6021–6026. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303607110. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3625331. PMID 23530248.
  21. ↑ Liu, Lingyu; et al. (2024-05). "MET fusions and splicing variants is a strong adverse prognostic factor in astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant". Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 34 (3): e13198. doi:10.1111/bpa.13198. ISSN 1750-3639. PMC 11007006 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37530224 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ↑ Aoki, Kosuke; et al. (2018-01-10). "Prognostic relevance of genetic alterations in diffuse lower-grade gliomas". Neuro-Oncology. 20 (1): 66–77. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox132. ISSN 1523-5866. PMC 5761527. PMID 29016839.
  23. ↑ Wong, Queenie Hoi-Wing; et al. (2021-07). "Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant primary astrocytoma Grade IV/glioblastomas". Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 34 (7): 1245–1260. doi:10.1038/s41379-021-00778-x. ISSN 1530-0285. PMID 33692446 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ↑ Wong, Queenie Hoi-Wing; et al. (2021-07). "Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant primary astrocytoma Grade IV/glioblastomas". Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 34 (7): 1245–1260. doi:10.1038/s41379-021-00778-x. ISSN 1530-0285. PMID 33692446 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ Aoki, Kosuke; et al. (2018-01-10). "Prognostic relevance of genetic alterations in diffuse lower-grade gliomas". Neuro-Oncology. 20 (1): 66–77. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox132. ISSN 1523-5866. PMC 5761527. PMID 29016839.
  26. ↑ Zhao, Binghao; et al. (2022-03-14). "Molecular landscape of IDH-mutant astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma grade 2 indicate tumor purity as an underlying genomic factor". Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 28 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/s10020-022-00454-z. ISSN 1528-3658. PMC 8919570 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35287567 Check |pmid= value (help).
  27. ↑ Nakamura, M.; et al. (2001-10). "Promoter methylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT in astrocytomas is frequently associated with G:C --> A:T mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene". Carcinogenesis. 22 (10): 1715–1719. doi:10.1093/carcin/22.10.1715. ISSN 0143-3334. PMID 11577014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ↑ Turcan, Sevin; et al. (2012-02-15). "IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype". Nature. 483 (7390): 479–483. doi:10.1038/nature10866. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3351699. PMID 22343889.
  29. ↑ Tesileanu, C. Mircea S.; et al. (2022-11). "Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review". European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990). 175: 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016. ISSN 1879-0852. PMID 36152406 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ↑ Tesileanu, C. Mircea S.; et al. (2022-11). "Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDH-mutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review". European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990). 175: 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.016. ISSN 1879-0852. PMID 36152406 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ↑ Batchelor, Tracy T.; et al. (2023-04-06). "Understanding the Genetic Risk of IDH-Mutant Glioma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 388 (14): 1332–1334. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr2213112. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 37018498 Check |pmid= value (help).
  32. ↑ Batchelor, Tracy T.; et al. (2023-04-06). "Understanding the Genetic Risk of IDH-Mutant Glioma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 388 (14): 1332–1334. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr2213112. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 37018498 Check |pmid= value (help).
  33. ↑ Watanabe, Takuya; et al. (2009-06). "Selective acquisition of IDH1 R132C mutations in astrocytomas associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome". Acta Neuropathologica. 117 (6): 653–656. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0528-x. ISSN 1432-0533. PMID 19340432. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ↑ Watanabe, Takuya; et al. (2009-06). "Selective acquisition of IDH1 R132C mutations in astrocytomas associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome". Acta Neuropathologica. 117 (6): 653–656. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0528-x. ISSN 1432-0533. PMID 19340432. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ↑ Corvino, Sergio; et al. (2022-07-16). "Brain Gliomas and Ollier Disease: Molecular Findings as Predictive Risk Factors?". Cancers. 14 (14): 3464. doi:10.3390/cancers14143464. ISSN 2072-6694. PMC 9324397 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35884525 Check |pmid= value (help).
  36. ↑ Richardson, Timothy E.; et al. (2023). "Mismatch repair protein mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma and IDH-wild-type glioblastoma". Neuro-Oncology Advances. 5 (1): vdad085. doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdad085. ISSN 2632-2498. PMC 10406418 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37554222 Check |pmid= value (help).

Notes

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