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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Plasma Cell Myeloma]]. | | <blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Plasma Cell Myeloma]]. |
| Other relevent pages include: [[HAEM4:Plasma Cell Myeloma Variants]] | | Other relevent pages include: [[HAEM4:Plasma Cell Myeloma Variants]] |
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| The University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematopathology, Houston, Texas | | The University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematopathology, Houston, Texas |
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| __TOC__
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| ==WHO Classification of Disease== | | ==WHO Classification of Disease== |
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| ==Definition / Description of Disease== | | ==Related Terminology== |
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| *A type of hematologic malignancy of monoclonal plasma cell
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| *Originated from bone marrow but affecting multiple tissues and organs
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| *Hallmarks: presence of M protein, neoplastic plasma (myeloma) cells and sign(s) of end-organ damages (CRAB: hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia and bone lesions)
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Chng|first=W. J.|last2=Dispenzieri|first2=A.|last3=Chim|first3=C.-S.|last4=Fonseca|first4=R.|last5=Goldschmidt|first5=H.|last6=Lentzsch|first6=S.|last7=Munshi|first7=N.|last8=Palumbo|first8=A.|last9=Miguel|first9=J. S.|date=2014-02|title=IMWG consensus on risk stratification in multiple myeloma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974982|journal=Leukemia|volume=28|issue=2|pages=269–277|doi=10.1038/leu.2013.247|issn=1476-5551|pmid=23974982}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><blockquote class="blockedit">
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| <center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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| </blockquote>
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| ==Synonyms / Terminology==
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| *Multiple myeloma
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| *Medullary plasmacytoma
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| *Myelomatosis
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| *Myeloma, NOS
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| *Kahler disease (no longer used)
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| ==Epidemiology / Prevalence==
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| *Plasma cell myeloma accounts for approximately 1% of all types of malignant tumors, 10-15% of all hematologic malignancies
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| *It is the third most common hematologic malignancies, next to lymphoma and leukemia
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| *Incidence: 4 per 100,000 individuals per year
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| *It’s estimated that 34,920 adults (19,320 men and 15,600 women) will be newly diagnosed with plasma cell myeloma and 12,410 patients (6,840 men and 5,570 women) will die from this disease in the United States in 2021.
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| *It affects mostly adults with an age > 50 years (median age at diagnosis: 70 years). Young adults (<30 years) are infrequently and children (<16 years) are almost never affected by this disease.
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| *Male : Female ratio: 1.1 : 1
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| *Black : white ratio: 2 : 1
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| *Current 5-year relative survival rate: 54%
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Shaji K.|last2=Rajkumar|first2=Vincent|last3=Kyle|first3=Robert A.|last4=van Duin|first4=Mark|last5=Sonneveld|first5=Pieter|last6=Mateos|first6=María-Victoria|last7=Gay|first7=Francesca|last8=Anderson|first8=Kenneth C.|date=2017-07-20|title=Multiple myeloma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28726797|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=3|pages=17046|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.46|issn=2056-676X|pmid=28726797}}</ref><ref name=":7">American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2020,https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2020.html</ref><blockquote class="blockedit">
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| <center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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| </blockquote>
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| ==Clinical Features==
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| Put your text here and fill in the table <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instruction: Can include references in the table. Do not delete table.'') </span>
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| |'''Signs and Symptoms'''
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| |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Asymptomatic (incidental finding on complete blood counts)
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| <span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> B-symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)
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| <span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Fatigue
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| <span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphadenopathy (uncommon)
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| |'''Laboratory Findings'''
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| |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Cytopenias
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| <span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphocytosis (low level)
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Features|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
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| *A wide spectrum of clinical presentations: from asymptomatic (e.g., smoldering plasma cell myeloma) to highly aggressive with end-organ damages (e.g., one of more of CRAB presentations)
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| *Bone pain can be the initial presentation in many cases
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| *Pale appearance due to anemia and sometimes bleeding
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| *Spinal cord compression due to vertebrae damages
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| *Peripheral neuropathy
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| *Infections due to compromised immunity can occur
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| *Organomegaly
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| *Skin lesions
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last=Rajkumar|first=S. Vincent|date=2016|title=Updated Diagnostic Criteria and Staging System for Multiple Myeloma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27249749|journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting|volume=35|pages=e418–423|doi=10.1200/EDBK_159009|issn=1548-8756|pmid=27249749}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Moreau|first=Philippe|last2=Kumar|first2=Shaji K.|last3=San Miguel|first3=Jesús|last4=Davies|first4=Faith|last5=Zamagni|first5=Elena|last6=Bahlis|first6=Nizar|last7=Ludwig|first7=Heinz|last8=Mikhael|first8=Joseph|last9=Terpos|first9=Evangelos|date=2021-03|title=Treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33662288|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=e105–e118|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30756-7|issn=1474-5488|pmid=33662288}}</ref><blockquote class="blockedit">
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| <center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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| <blockquote class="blockedit">
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| <center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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| </blockquote>
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| </blockquote>
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| ==Sites of Involvement==
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| *Bone marrow, multifocal or generalized
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| *Involvement of other organs and / or circulating plasma cells <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Granell|first=Miquel|last2=Calvo|first2=Xavier|last3=Garcia-Guiñón|first3=Antoni|last4=Escoda|first4=Lourdes|last5=Abella|first5=Eugènia|last6=Martínez|first6=Clara Mª|last7=Teixidó|first7=Montserrat|last8=Gimenez|first8=Mª Teresa|last9=Senín|first9=Alicia|date=06 2017|title=Prognostic impact of circulating plasma cells in patients with multiple myeloma: implications for plasma cell leukemia definition|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28255016|journal=Haematologica|volume=102|issue=6|pages=1099–1104|doi=10.3324/haematol.2016.158303|issn=1592-8721|pmc=5451342|pmid=28255016}}</ref> may be secondarily but usually an indication of advanced disease ('''Is it ok? ~HM''')
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| *<s>Extramedullary sites: bones, kidney, upper airway, skin and so on.</s> ('''Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a different disease and it is closer to marginal zone lymphoma ~ HM''')
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Unassigned References|The following referenees were placed in the header. Please place them into the appropriate locations in the text.}}</blockquote><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /><blockquote class="blockedit">
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| <center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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| </blockquote>
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| ==Morphologic Features==
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| '''Radiology findings:''' <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hillengass|first=Jens|last2=Usmani|first2=Saad|last3=Rajkumar|first3=S. Vincent|last4=Durie|first4=Brian G. M.|last5=Mateos|first5=María-Victoria|last6=Lonial|first6=Sagar|last7=Joao|first7=Cristina|last8=Anderson|first8=Kenneth C.|last9=García-Sanz|first9=Ramón|date=2019-06|title=International myeloma working group consensus recommendations on imaging in monoclonal plasma cell disorders|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31162104|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=e302–e312|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30309-2|issn=1474-5488|pmid=31162104}}</ref>
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| *Osteolytic lesions are detected in approximately 70% of plasma cell myeloma cases on radiology skeletal survey, MRI and PET/CT. Other presentation such as osteoporosis, pathological bone fracture, and vertebral compression fracture can be observed as well. Vertebrae, ribs, skull, shoulders, pelvis and long bones are the sites frequently affected with bone lesion(s).
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| '''Macroscopy findings:''' <ref name=":10" />
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| *During gross examination of severely affected bones, apparent defects filled with flesh-like hemorrhagic tissues can be observed.
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| '''Microscopy findings:''' <ref name=":18" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajkumar|first=S. Vincent|last2=Dimopoulos|first2=Meletios A.|last3=Palumbo|first3=Antonio|last4=Blade|first4=Joan|last5=Merlini|first5=Giampaolo|last6=Mateos|first6=María-Victoria|last7=Kumar|first7=Shaji|last8=Hillengass|first8=Jens|last9=Kastritis|first9=Efstathios|date=2014-11|title=International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25439696|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=15|issue=12|pages=e538–548|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70442-5|issn=1474-5488|pmid=25439696}}</ref>
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| *Plasma cells in plasma cell myeloma can show mature and immature (or plasmablastic) forms. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handa|first=U.|last2=Chhabra|first2=S.|last3=Mohan|first3=H.|date=2010-06|title=Plasma cell tumours: cytomorphological features in a series of 12 cases diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19416310|journal=Cytopathology: Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=186–190|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.2009.0641.x|issn=1365-2303|pmid=19416310}}</ref>
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| *The mature plasma cells usually have eccentric nuclei, dense "clock face" chromatin, and abundant, deep basophilic (on Wright Giemsa stained marrow or cytological preparations) or amphophilic (on hematoxylin and eosin-stained histological sections) cytoplasm with a paranuclear hof.
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| *Histologically, the monotypic plasma cells may present as interstitial, scattered distribution, in a form of small clusters and/or focal nodules. In advanced disease stages, the neoplastic plasma cells proliferate as diffuse sheets and replace normal bone marrow. <ref name=":0" />
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| '''Here I kept more detailed morphology descriptions ~HM'''
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| '''Differential diagnosis considerations may include:'''
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| *Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL, related to Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, WM) and splenic/nodal marginal zone lymphoma can have extensive monotypic plasmacytic differentiation.
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| *Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and a subset of plasma cell myeloma can share expressions of Cyclin D1 (''CCND1'') due to t(11;14)(q13;q32)(''IGH''/''CCND1'') translocation.
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| *In the setting of plasmablastic morphology, differential diagnosis includes: anaplastic plasma cell myeloma, plasmablastic lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma, immunoblastic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma NOS. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harmon|first=Charles M.|last2=Smith|first2=Lauren B.|date=2016-10|title=Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Review of Clinicopathologic Features and Differential Diagnosis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684979|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|volume=140|issue=10|pages=1074–1078|doi=10.5858/arpa.2016-0232-RA|issn=1543-2165|pmid=27684979}}</ref>
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| *Non-hematopoietic neoplasms with plasmacytoid morphology can also mimic plasma cell myeloma, such as plasmacytoid myoepithelioma of minor salivary glands <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Santos|first=Esaú P.|last2=Cavalcante|first2=Danielle Rr|last3=Melo|first3=Allan Uc|last4=Pereira|first4=José C.|last5=Gomes|first5=Margarete Z.|last6=Albuquerque|first6=Ricardo Lc|date=2011-12-12|title=Plasmacytoid myoepithelioma of minor salivary glands: report of case with emphasis in the immunohistochemical findings|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22152025|journal=Head & Face Medicine|volume=7|pages=24|doi=10.1186/1746-160X-7-24|issn=1746-160X|pmc=3285037|pmid=22152025}}</ref>, medullary thyroid carcinoma (or other neuroendocrine tumors) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehdi|first=Ghazala|last2=Maheshwari|first2=Veena|last3=Ansari|first3=Hena A.|last4=Sadaf|first4=Lubna|last5=Khan|first5=Mohammad Amanullah|date=2010-04|title=FNAC diagnosis of medullary carcinoma thyroid: A report of three cases with review of literature|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21157553|journal=Journal of Cytology|volume=27|issue=2|pages=66–68|doi=10.4103/0970-9371.70745|issn=0974-5165|pmc=3001179|pmid=21157553}}</ref>, and melanoma. It is important to keep in mind that CD138 is positive in many normal and neoplastic epithelial cells.
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| ==Immunophenotype==
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| Put your text here and fill in the table <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instruction: Can include references in the table. Do not delete table.'') </span>
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| {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| !Finding!!Marker
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| |Positive (universal)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD1
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| |Positive (subset)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD2
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| |Negative (universal)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD3
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| |Negative (subset)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD4
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Immunophenotype|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote>
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| *'''Plasma cell identification''': For flow cytometry immunophenotyping, benign and neoplastic plasma cells can be identified with combined use of CD38 and CD138. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rawstron|first=A. C.|last2=Orfao|first2=A.|last3=Beksac|first3=M.|last4=Bezdickova|first4=L.|last5=Brooimans|first5=R. A.|last6=Bumbea|first6=H.|last7=Dalva|first7=K.|last8=Fuhler|first8=G.|last9=Gratama|first9=J.|date=2008|title=Report of the European Myeloma Network on multiparametric flow cytometry in multiple myeloma and related disorders|url=http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/doi/10.3324/haematol.11080|journal=Haematologica|language=en|volume=93|issue=3|pages=431–438|doi=10.3324/haematol.11080|issn=0390-6078}}</ref> However, since anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (such as daratumumab) are used in myeloma therapy regimens, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palumbo|first=Antonio|last2=Chanan-Khan|first2=Asher|last3=Weisel|first3=Katja|last4=Nooka|first4=Ajay K.|last5=Masszi|first5=Tamas|last6=Beksac|first6=Meral|last7=Spicka|first7=Ivan|last8=Hungria|first8=Vania|last9=Munder|first9=Markus|date=2016-08-25|title=Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27557302|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=375|issue=8|pages=754–766|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1606038|issn=1533-4406|pmid=27557302}}</ref> the expression of CD38 on the residual myeloma cells can be decreased or negative on the marrow cells. It should be noted that plasma cells lose surface CD138 overtime after specimen procurement (such as from bone marrow aspirates); <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Pei|last2=Owens|first2=Rebecca|last3=Tricot|first3=Guido|last4=Wilson|first4=Carla S.|date=2004|title=Flow Cytometric Immunophenotypic Analysis of 306 Cases of Multiple Myeloma|url=http://ajcp.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1309/74R4-TB90-BUWH-27JX|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=121|issue=4|pages=482–488|doi=10.1309/74R4-TB90-BUWH-27JX|issn=0002-9173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Shaji|last2=Kimlinger|first2=Teresa|last3=Morice|first3=William|date=2010-09|title=Immunophenotyping in multiple myeloma and related plasma cell disorders|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21112041|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology|volume=23|issue=3|pages=433–451|doi=10.1016/j.beha.2010.09.002|issn=1532-1924|pmc=3005703|pmid=21112041}}</ref> therefore, delayed specimen processing will cause underestimated plasma cell percentage in flow cytometry immunophenotyping and lower yield in CD138 enrichment of plasma cell for cytogenetic studies. For immunohistochemical studies on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, CD138 and MUM-1/IRF4 can be used to identify plasma cells.
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| *'''Myeloma plasma cells''': Unlike non-neoplastic plasma cells or plasma cells differentiated from lymphomas (especially marginal zone lymphoma and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma), myeloma plasma cells often show aberrant loss of CD19 and CD45; they may also aberrantly express CD56, CD117, and/or Cyclin D1, which is associated with IGH/CCND1 translocation. For common aberrant immunophenotype patterns for myeloma cells, please see Flores-Montero et al. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Flores-Montero|first=Juan|last2=de Tute|first2=Ruth|last3=Paiva|first3=Bruno|last4=Perez|first4=José Juan|last5=Böttcher|first5=Sebastian|last6=Wind|first6=Henk|last7=Sanoja|first7=Luzalba|last8=Puig|first8=Noemí|last9=Lecrevisse|first9=Quentin|date=2016|title=Immunophenotype of normal vs. myeloma plasma cells: Toward antibody panel specifications for MRD detection in multiple myeloma: MM MRD ANTIBODY PANELS|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cyto.b.21265|journal=Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry|language=en|volume=90|issue=1|pages=61–72|doi=10.1002/cyto.b.21265}}</ref> The aberrancy of immunophenotypes of myeloma plasma cells can be used for minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) detection in myeloma. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flores-Montero|first=J|last2=Sanoja-Flores|first2=L|last3=Paiva|first3=B|last4=Puig|first4=N|last5=García-Sánchez|first5=O|last6=Böttcher|first6=S|last7=van der Velden|first7=V H J|last8=Pérez-Morán|first8=J-J|last9=Vidriales|first9=M-B|date=2017|title=Next Generation Flow for highly sensitive and standardized detection of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/leu201729|journal=Leukemia|language=en|volume=31|issue=10|pages=2094–2103|doi=10.1038/leu.2017.29|issn=0887-6924|pmc=PMC5629369|pmid=28104919}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=on behalf of the EuroFlow Consortium (EU-FP6, LSHB-CT-2006-018708)|last2=Kalina|first2=T|last3=Flores-Montero|first3=J|last4=van der Velden|first4=V H J|last5=Martin-Ayuso|first5=M|last6=Böttcher|first6=S|last7=Ritgen|first7=M|last8=Almeida|first8=J|last9=Lhermitte|first9=L|date=2012|title=EuroFlow standardization of flow cytometer instrument settings and immunophenotyping protocols|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/leu2012122|journal=Leukemia|language=en|volume=26|issue=9|pages=1986–2010|doi=10.1038/leu.2012.122|issn=0887-6924|pmc=PMC3437409|pmid=22948490}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|displayauthors=1|last=B|first=Paiva|last2=N|first2=Puig|last3=Mt|first3=Cedena|last4=L|first4=Rosiñol|last5=L|first5=Cordón|last6=Mb|first6=Vidriales|last7=L|first7=Burgos|last8=J|first8=Flores-Montero|last9=L|first9=Sanoja-Flores|date=2020|title=Measurable Residual Disease by Next-Generation Flow Cytometry in Multiple Myeloma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31770060/|journal=J Clin Oncol|language=en|volume=38|pages=784-792|pmid=31770060|via=}}</ref>
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| *'''Monoclonality''': confirmed by immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain analysis, presenting as monotypic cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (cIg) expression but lack surface immunoglobulin (sIg). <ref name=":14" /> On FFPE tissue sections, immunoglobulin light chain analysis on plasma cells can be assessed either by immunohistochemical stains or by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH).
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| <center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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| ----
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| </blockquote>
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| ==WHO Essential and Desirable Genetic Diagnostic Criteria==
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| <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the diagnostic criteria from the WHO book <u>autocompleted</u>; remove any <u>non</u>-genetics related criteria. If applicable, add text about other classification'' ''systems that define this entity and specify how the genetics-related criteria differ.'')</span>
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: These are only the genetic/genomic criteria. Additional diagnostic criteria can be found in the [https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/home <u>WHO Classification of Tumours</u>].
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| ==Related Terminology==
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| <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: The table will have the related terminology from the WHO <u>autocompleted</u>.)''</span>
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
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| |Acceptable | | |Acceptable |
| | | | |Myeloma; multiple myeloma (plasma cell myeloma) NOS |
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in: | | <blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in: |
| * Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions) | | * Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions) |
| * Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH | | * Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH |
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| {| class="wikitable sortable" | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |
| |- | | |- |
| !Chr #!!'''Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH'''!!'''Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]'''!!'''Relevant Gene(s)''' | | !Chr #!!Gain, Loss, Amp, LOH!!Minimal Region Cytoband and/or Genomic Coordinates [Genome Build; Size]!!Relevant Gene(s) |
| !'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T''' | | !Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T |
| !'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)''' | | !Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) |
| !'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes''' | | !Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
| |- | | |- |
| |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> | | |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> |
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| !Chromosomal Pattern | | !Chromosomal Pattern |
| !Molecular Pathogenesis | | !Molecular Pathogenesis |
| !'''Prevalence -''' | | !Prevalence - |
| '''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
| | Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease) |
| !'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T''' | | !Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T |
| !'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)''' | | !Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) |
| !'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes''' | | !Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
| |- | | |- |
| |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> | | |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> |
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| |} | | |} |
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote> | | <blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Characteristic Chromosomal Aberrations / Patterns|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote> |
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| {| class="wikitable sortable" | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |
| |- | | |- |
| !Gene!!'''Genetic Alteration'''!!'''Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other'''!!'''Prevalence -''' | | !Gene!!Genetic Alteration!!Tumor Suppressor Gene, Oncogene, Other!!Prevalence - |
| '''Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease)'''
| | Common >20%, Recurrent 5-20% or Rare <5% (Disease) |
| !'''Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T ''' | | !Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Significance - D, P, T |
| !'''Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source)''' | | !Established Clinical Significance Per Guidelines - Yes or No (Source) |
| !'''Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes''' | | !Clinical Relevance Details/Other Notes |
| |- | | |- |
| |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR'' | | |<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span>''EGFR'' |
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| |}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content. | | |}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content. |
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote> | | <blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Gene Mutations (SNV/INDEL)|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote> |
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| '''THIS SECTION NEEDS REFERENCES.''' | | '''THIS SECTION NEEDS REFERENCES.''' |
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| <blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Genes and Main Pathways Involved|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote> | | <blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=v4:Genes and Main Pathways Involved|The content below was from the old template. Please incorporate above.}}</blockquote> |
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| Due to the wide spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities and somatic mutations identified in plasma cell myeloma, it’s believed that the oncogenesis and development of plasma cell myeloma may also involve many pathways. Please refer to review articles for more detailed information. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Manier|first=Salomon|last2=Salem|first2=Karma Z.|last3=Park|first3=Jihye|last4=Landau|first4=Dan A.|last5=Getz|first5=Gad|last6=Ghobrial|first6=Irene M.|date=02 2017|title=Genomic complexity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27531699|journal=Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology|volume=14|issue=2|pages=100–113|doi=10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.122|issn=1759-4782|pmid=27531699}}</ref> | | Due to the wide spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities and somatic mutations identified in plasma cell myeloma, it’s believed that the oncogenesis and development of plasma cell myeloma may also involve many pathways. Please refer to review articles for more detailed information. <ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Manier|first=Salomon|last2=Salem|first2=Karma Z.|last3=Park|first3=Jihye|last4=Landau|first4=Dan A.|last5=Getz|first5=Gad|last6=Ghobrial|first6=Irene M.|date=02 2017|title=Genomic complexity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27531699|journal=Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology|volume=14|issue=2|pages=100–113|doi=10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.122|issn=1759-4782|pmid=27531699}}</ref> |
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| (use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references /> | | (use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references /> |
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| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Plasma cell myeloma / multiple myeloma”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Plasma_cell_myeloma_/_multiple_myeloma</nowiki>. | | <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Plasma cell myeloma / multiple myeloma”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Plasma_cell_myeloma_/_multiple_myeloma</nowiki>. |
| [[Category:HAEM5]][[Category:DISEASE]][[Category:Diseases P]] | | [[Category:HAEM5]] |
| | [[Category:DISEASE]] |
| | [[Category:Diseases P]] |
