HAEM5:Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia}}
[[HAEM5:Table_of_Contents|Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]
[[HAEM5:Table_of_Contents|Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO Classification, 5th ed.)]]


{{Under Construction}}
{{Under Construction}}


<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL)]].
<blockquote class="blockedit">{{Box-round|title=Content Update To WHO 5th Edition Classification Is In Process; Content Below is Based on WHO 4th Edition Classification|This page was converted to the new template on 2023-12-07. The original page can be found at [[HAEM4:Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL)]].
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|Subtype(s)
|Subtype(s)
|Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia
|Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia
|}
==Definition / Description of Disease==
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is a myeloid disease defined by ≥20% blasts in the peripheral blood or bone marrow, of which ≥50% are of megakaryocyte lineage. In the 2016 revision to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is a distinct entity within the section of [[HAEM4:Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Not Otherwise Specified]]<ref>Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP, Le Beau MM, Orazi A, and Siebert R, Editors. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Revised 4th edition. IARC Press: Lyon, France, p162-164.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Arber|first=Daniel A.|last2=Orazi|first2=Attilio|last3=Hasserjian|first3=Robert|last4=Thiele|first4=Jürgen|last5=Borowitz|first5=Michael J.|last6=Le Beau|first6=Michelle M.|last7=Bloomfield|first7=Clara D.|last8=Cazzola|first8=Mario|last9=Vardiman|first9=James W.|date=2016|title=The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069254|journal=Blood|volume=127|issue=20|pages=2391–2405|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544|issn=1528-0020|pmid=27069254}}</ref>. This entity does not meet the criteria for inclusion in any of the other AML groups (i.e. AML with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities, AML with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes, or Therapy-Related Myeloid Neoplasms).
AMKL in an individual with Down syndrome should be classified as a different entity, specifically [[HAEM5:Myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome]]<ref name=":0" />.
AMKL associated with t(1;22)(p13.3;q13.1), or inv(3)(q21.3q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2) should be classified as a different entity, specifically [[HAEM4:Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities]]: [[HAEM5:Acute myeloid leukaemia with RBM15::MRTFA fusion]] or [[HAEM5:Acute myeloid leukaemia with MECOM rearrangement]]<ref name=":0" />.
==Synonyms / Terminology==
French-American-British (FAB) classification M7<ref name=":0" />.
==Epidemiology / Prevalence==
AMKL comprises between 4% and 15% of newly diagnosed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gruber|first=Tanja A.|last2=Downing|first2=James R.|date=2015|title=The biology of pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26186939|journal=Blood|volume=126|issue=8|pages=943–949|doi=10.1182/blood-2015-05-567859|issn=1528-0020|pmc=4551356|pmid=26186939}}</ref>.
==Clinical Features==
Put your text here and fill in the table <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instruction: Can include references in the table. Do not delete table.'') </span>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Signs and Symptoms'''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Asymptomatic (incidental finding on complete blood counts)
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> B-symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Fatigue
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphadenopathy (uncommon)
|-
|'''Laboratory Findings'''
|<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Cytopenias
<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> Lymphocytosis (low level)
|}
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*Common manifestations include cytopenias (often thrombocytopenia)<ref name=":0" />.
*An association between acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and mediastrinal germ cell tumors has been described<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nichols|first=C. R.|last2=Roth|first2=B. J.|last3=Heerema|first3=N.|last4=Griep|first4=J.|last5=Tricot|first5=G.|date=1990|title=Hematologic neoplasia associated with primary mediastinal germ-cell tumors|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2158625|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=322|issue=20|pages=1425–1429|doi=10.1056/NEJM199005173222004|issn=0028-4793|pmid=2158625}}</ref>.
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<center><span style="color:Maroon">'''End of V4 Section'''</span>
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==Sites of Involvement==
Bone marrow.
==Morphologic Features==
*Megakaryoblasts are usually medium-sized to large cells with basophilic cytoplasm and a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.
*Nuclei are round, slightly irregular or indented with finely reticular chromatin and 1 - 3 nucleoli.
*Bone marrow myelofibrosis is common.
==Immunophenotype==
Cytochemistry
*Megakaryoblasts are typically negative for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and stain negatively with Sudan black B.
*Variable reactivity to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining from negative to focal or strongly positive.
Immunophenotype including:
*One or more of the platelet glycoproteins: CD41, CD61, and CD42b
*Myeloid-associated markers may be positive: CD13, CD33
*CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR are often negative, especially in children
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Finding!!Marker
|-
|Positive (universal)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD1
|-
|Positive (subset)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD2
|-
|Negative (universal)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD3
|-
|Negative (subset)||<span class="blue-text">EXAMPLE:</span> CD4
|}
|}


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<blockquote class='blockedit'>{{Box-round|title=v4:Clinical Significance (Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications).|Please incorporate this section into the relevant tables found in:
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* Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
* Chromosomal Rearrangements (Gene Fusions)
* Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
* Individual Region Genomic Gain/Loss/LOH
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis


*The main differential diagnoses of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia include: AML with minimal differentiation, AML-MRC, acute panmeylosis with myelofibrosis, lymphoblastic leukemia, pure erythroid leukemia, blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia, and the blast phase of any other myeloproliferative neoplasm<ref name=":0" />.
*The main differential diagnoses of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia include: AML with minimal differentiation, AML-MRC, acute panmeylosis with myelofibrosis, lymphoblastic leukemia, pure erythroid leukemia, blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia, and the blast phase of any other myeloproliferative neoplasm<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Arber|first=Daniel A.|last2=Orazi|first2=Attilio|last3=Hasserjian|first3=Robert|last4=Thiele|first4=Jürgen|last5=Borowitz|first5=Michael J.|last6=Le Beau|first6=Michelle M.|last7=Bloomfield|first7=Clara D.|last8=Cazzola|first8=Mario|last9=Vardiman|first9=James W.|date=2016|title=The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069254|journal=Blood|volume=127|issue=20|pages=2391–2405|doi=10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544|issn=1528-0020|pmid=27069254}}</ref>.


Prognosis
Prognosis
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*No unique chromosomal abnormality is associated with AMKL.
*No unique chromosomal abnormality is associated with AMKL.
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|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.
|}Note: A more extensive list of mutations can be found in [https://www.cbioportal.org/ <u>cBioportal</u>], [https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic <u>COSMIC</u>], and/or other databases. When applicable, gene-specific pages within the CCGA site directly link to pertinent external content.


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(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references />
(use the "Cite" icon at the top of the page) <span style="color:#0070C0">(''Instructions: Add each reference into the text above by clicking where you want to insert the reference, selecting the “Cite” icon at the top of the wiki page, and using the “Automatic” tab option to search by PMID to select the reference to insert. If a PMID is not available, such as for a book, please use the “Cite” icon, select “Manual” and then “Basic Form”, and include the entire reference. To insert the same reference again later in the page, select the “Cite” icon and “Re-use” to find the reference; DO NOT insert the same reference twice using the “Automatic” tab as it will be treated as two separate references. The reference list in this section will be automatically generated and sorted''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">''.''</span><span style="color:#0070C0">)</span> <references />


'''
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==Notes==
==Notes==
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukaemia</nowiki>.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''Citation of this Page'': “Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia”. Compendium of Cancer Genome Aberrations (CCGA), Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC), updated {{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}, <nowiki>https://ccga.io/index.php/HAEM5:Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukaemia</nowiki>.
[[Category:HAEM5]][[Category:DISEASE]][[Category:Diseases A]]
[[Category:HAEM5]]
[[Category:DISEASE]]
[[Category:Diseases A]]